Mendivil Carlos O
School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia.
Nutr Metab Insights. 2021 Jun 3;14:11786388211022378. doi: 10.1177/11786388211022378. eCollection 2021.
Dietary habits are a major determinant of the risk of chronic disease, particularly metabolic and endocrine disorders. Fish as a food group are a unique source of nutrients with metabolic and hormonal importance including omega-3 fatty acids, iodine, selenium, vitamin D, taurine and carnitine. Fish are also a source of high quality protein and have in general low caloric density. The impact of these nutrients on cardiovascular risk has been extensively reviewed, but the impact of fish on the broader field of endocrine and metabolic health is sometimes not sufficiently appreciated. This article aimed to summarize the impact the effect of regular fish consumption on conditions like the metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome and the menopausal transition, which are in and of themselves significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The review revealed that scientific evidence from food science, translational research, epidemiologic studies and interventional trials shows that regular fish consumption has a positive impact on thyroid homeostasis, facilitates maintenance of a healthy body weight, reduces the magnitude of age-associated increases in blood pressure, improves glucose homeostasis helping prevent diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, and has a positive impact on muscle mass preservation among the elderly. These effects are mediated by multiple mechanisms, only some of which have been identified. For most of these effects it holds true that the potential benefits are more substantial when baseline fish consumption is low.
饮食习惯是慢性病风险的主要决定因素，尤其是代谢和内分泌紊乱方面。鱼类作为一类食物，是具有代谢和激素重要性的独特营养来源，包括omega-3脂肪酸、碘、硒、维生素D、牛磺酸和肉碱。鱼类也是优质蛋白质的来源，且总体热量密度较低。这些营养素对心血管风险的影响已得到广泛综述，但鱼类对更广泛的内分泌和代谢健康领域的影响有时未得到充分重视。本文旨在总结经常食用鱼类对代谢综合征、肥胖、糖尿病、甲状腺功能减退、多囊卵巢综合征和绝经过渡等状况的影响，这些状况本身就是全球发病和死亡的重要原因。该综述表明，来自食品科学、转化研究、流行病学研究和干预试验的科学证据显示，经常食用鱼类对甲状腺内环境稳定有积极影响，有助于维持健康体重，降低与年龄相关的血压升高幅度，改善血糖内环境稳定以帮助预防糖尿病和代谢综合征，并且对老年人的肌肉量维持有积极影响。这些作用由多种机制介导，其中只有一些已被确定。对于这些作用中的大多数而言，当基线鱼类摄入量较低时，潜在益处更为显著。
