Raffa Carla Maria, Chiampo Fulvia
Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
Bioengineering (Basel). 2021 Jul 2;8(7):92. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering8070092.
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to eliminate pests; among them, herbicides are compounds particularly toxic to weeds, and this property is exploited to protect the crops from unwanted plants. Pesticides are used to protect and maximize the yield and quality of crops. The excessive use of these chemicals and their persistence in the environment have generated serious problems, namely pollution of soil, water, and, to a lower extent, air, causing harmful effects to the ecosystem and along the food chain. About soil pollution, the residual concentration of pesticides is often over the limits allowed by the regulations. Where this occurs, the challenge is to reduce the amount of these chemicals and obtain agricultural soils suitable for growing ecofriendly crops. The microbial metabolism of indigenous microorganisms can be exploited for degradation since bioremediation is an ecofriendly, cost-effective, rather efficient method compared to the physical and chemical ones. Several biodegradation techniques are available, based on bacterial, fungal, or enzymatic degradation. The removal efficiencies of these processes depend on the type of pollutant and the chemical and physical conditions of the soil. The regulation on the use of pesticides is strictly connected to their environmental impacts. Nowadays, every country can adopt regulations to restrict the consumption of pesticides, prohibit the most harmful ones, and define the admissible concentrations in the soil. However, this variability implies that each country has a different perception of the toxicology of these compounds, inducing different market values of the grown crops. This review aims to give a picture of the bioremediation of soils polluted with commercial pesticides, considering the features that characterize the main and most used ones, namely their classification and their toxicity, together with some elements of legislation into force around the world.
农药是用于消除害虫的化合物；其中，除草剂是对杂草特别有毒的化合物，利用这一特性来保护作物免受杂草侵害。农药用于保护作物并使其产量和质量最大化。这些化学物质的过度使用及其在环境中的持久性已引发严重问题，即土壤、水的污染，以及在较小程度上的空气污染，对生态系统和食物链造成有害影响。关于土壤污染，农药的残留浓度常常超过法规允许的限度。在这种情况下，挑战在于减少这些化学物质的含量，并获得适合种植生态友好型作物的农业土壤。由于与物理和化学方法相比，生物修复是一种生态友好、成本效益高且相当有效的方法，因此可以利用本地微生物的代谢作用进行降解。基于细菌、真菌或酶降解，有几种生物降解技术可供使用。这些过程的去除效率取决于污染物的类型以及土壤的化学和物理条件。农药使用的监管与其环境影响密切相关。如今，每个国家都可以通过法规来限制农药的消费，禁止最有害的农药，并确定土壤中的允许浓度。然而，这种差异意味着每个国家对这些化合物的毒理学有不同的认知，从而导致种植作物的市场价值不同。本综述旨在描绘受商业农药污染土壤的生物修复情况，考虑主要和最常用农药的特征，即它们的分类和毒性，以及世界各地现行的一些立法要素。
