Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
BMC Genomics. 2021 Aug 31;22(1):635. doi: 10.1186/s12864-021-07937-z.
Brine shrimp Artemia have an unequalled ability to endure extreme salinity and complete anoxia. This study aims to elucidate its strategies to cope with these stressors.
Here, we present the genome of an inbred A. franciscana Kellogg, 1906. We identified 21,828 genes of which, under high salinity, 674 genes and under anoxia, 900 genes were differentially expressed (42%, respectively 30% were annotated). Under high salinity, relevant stress genes and pathways included several Heat Shock Protein and Leaf Embryogenesis Abundant genes, as well as the trehalose metabolism. In addition, based on differential gene expression analysis, it can be hypothesized that a high oxidative stress response and endocytosis/exocytosis are potential salt management strategies, in addition to the expression of major facilitator superfamily genes responsible for transmembrane ion transport. Under anoxia, genes involved in mitochondrial function, mTOR signalling and autophagy were differentially expressed. Both high salt and anoxia enhanced degradation of erroneous proteins and protein chaperoning. Compared with other branchiopod genomes, Artemia had 0.03% contracted and 6% expanded orthogroups, in which 14% of the genes were differentially expressed under high salinity or anoxia. One phospholipase D gene family, shown to be important in plant stress response, was uniquely present in both extremophiles Artemia and the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini, yet not differentially expressed under the described experimental conditions.
A relatively complete genome of Artemia was assembled, annotated and analysed, facilitating research on its extremophile features, and providing a reference sequence for crustacean research.
卤虫具有无与伦比的耐受极端盐度和完全缺氧的能力。本研究旨在阐明其应对这些胁迫的策略。
本文介绍了一个近交系卤虫 Kellogg，1906 的基因组。我们鉴定了 21828 个基因，其中 674 个基因在高盐度下和 900 个基因在缺氧下差异表达（分别为 42%和 30%被注释）。在高盐度下，相关应激基因和途径包括几种热休克蛋白和叶胚胎发生丰富基因，以及海藻糖代谢。此外，基于差异基因表达分析，可以假设高氧化应激反应和内吞作用/胞吐作用是潜在的盐管理策略，此外还表达了负责跨膜离子运输的主要易化超家族基因。在缺氧下，参与线粒体功能、mTOR 信号和自噬的基因差异表达。高盐度和缺氧均增强了错误蛋白的降解和蛋白伴侣作用。与其他鳃足纲基因组相比，卤虫有 0.03%收缩和 6%扩展的直系同源物，其中 14%的基因在高盐度或缺氧下差异表达。一个磷脂酶 D 基因家族在植物应激反应中很重要，在极端生物卤虫和缓步动物 Hypsibius dujardini 中都存在，但在描述的实验条件下没有差异表达。
组装、注释和分析了卤虫相对完整的基因组，促进了对其极端生物特征的研究，并为甲壳类动物研究提供了参考序列。
