在户外光照下所花费的时间与情绪、睡眠以及与昼夜节律相关的结果有关：一项针对超过40万英国生物银行参与者的横断面和纵向研究。
Time spent in outdoor light is associated with mood, sleep, and circadian rhythm-related outcomes: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study in over 400,000 UK Biobank participants.
作者信息
Burns Angus C, Saxena Richa, Vetter Céline, Phillips Andrew J K, Lane Jacqueline M, Cain Sean W
机构信息
School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA; Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA USA; The Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA USA.
出版信息
J Affect Disord. 2021 Dec 1;295:347-352. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.056. Epub 2021 Aug 27.
BACKGROUND
Light has powerful effects on mood, sleep, and the circadian system. Humans evolved in an environment with a clear distinction between day and night, but our modern environments have blurred this distinction. Negative effects of light exposure at night have been well characterized. The importance of daytime light exposure has been less well characterized. Here we examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of time spent in daytime outdoor light with mood, sleep, and circadian-related outcomes.
METHODS
Participants were drawn from the UK Biobank cohort, a large study of UK adults (n = 502,000; 37-73 years old; 54% women).
RESULTS
UK Biobank participants reported spending a median of 2.5 daylight hours (IQR = 1.5-3.5 h) outdoors per day. Each additional hour spent outdoors during the day was associated with lower odds of lifetime major depressive disorder (95% CI OR:0.92-0.98), antidepressant usage (OR:0.92-0.98), less frequent anhedonia (OR:0.93-0.96) and low mood (OR:0.87-0.90), greater happiness (OR:1.41-1.48) and lower neuroticism (incident rate ratio, IRR:0.95-0.96), independent of demographic, lifestyle, and employment covariates. In addition, each hour of daytime light was associated with greater ease of getting up (OR:1.46-1.49), less frequent tiredness (OR:0.80-0.82), fewer insomnia symptoms (OR:0.94-0.97), and earlier chronotype (adjusted odds ratio; OR:0.75-0.77). Auto-Regressive Cross-Lagged (ARCL) models were used to examine the longitudinal association of time spent in outdoor light at baseline with later mood-, sleep- and circadian-related outcomes reported at time point 2. Overall, longitudinal associations support cross-sectional findings, though generally with smaller effect sizes.
LIMITATIONS
Future studies that examine the intensity of daytime light exposure at the ocular level are needed.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that low daytime light exposure is an important environmental risk factor for mood, sleep, and circadian-related outcomes.
背景
光线对情绪、睡眠和昼夜节律系统有强大影响。人类在昼夜分明的环境中进化，但现代环境模糊了这种区分。夜间光照的负面影响已得到充分研究。白天光照的重要性则研究较少。在此，我们研究白天在户外光照下的时长与情绪、睡眠及昼夜节律相关结果之间的横断面和纵向关联。
方法
参与者来自英国生物银行队列，这是一项针对英国成年人的大型研究（n = 502,000；37 - 73岁；54%为女性）。
结果
英国生物银行的参与者报告称，他们每天在户外接受日光照射的时长中位数为2.5小时（四分位间距 = 1.5 - 3.5小时）。白天每多在户外待一小时，终生患重度抑郁症的几率更低（95%置信区间比值比：0.92 - 0.98）、使用抗抑郁药的几率更低（比值比：0.92 - 0.98）、快感缺失频率更低（比值比：0.93 - 0.96）以及情绪低落几率更低（比值比：0.87 - 0.90）、幸福感更高（比值比：1.41 - 1.48）且神经质程度更低（发病率比值，IRR：0.95 - 0.96），这些均独立于人口统计学、生活方式和就业协变量。此外，白天每一小时的光照与起床更容易（比值比：1.46 - 1.49）、疲劳频率更低（比值比：0.80 - 0.82）、失眠症状更少（比值比：0.94 - 0.97）以及更早的昼夜节律类型（调整后的比值比；比值比：0.75 - 0.77）相关。使用自回归交叉滞后（ARCL）模型来研究基线时在户外光照下的时长与在时间点2报告的后续情绪、睡眠和昼夜节律相关结果之间的纵向关联。总体而言，纵向关联支持横断面研究结果，尽管效应大小通常较小。
局限性
需要未来的研究在眼部水平上研究白天光照的强度。
结论
我们的研究结果表明，白天光照不足是情绪、睡眠和昼夜节律相关结果的一个重要环境风险因素。
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