Plasmonic Oxygen Defects in MO (M = W or Mo) Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Modifications, and Biomedical Applications.

Nanomedicine is a promising technology with many advantages and provides exciting opportunities for cancer diagnosis and therapy. During recent years, the newly developed oxygen-deficiency transition metal oxides MO (M = W or Mo) have received significant attention due to the unique optical properties, such as strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) , tunable and broad near-IR absorption, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and large X-ray attenuation coefficient. This review presents an overview of recent advances in the development of MO nanomaterials for biomedical applications. First, the fundamentals of the LSPR effect are introduced. Then, the preparation and modification methods of MO nanomaterials are summarized. In addition, the biological effects of MO nanomaterials are highlighted and their applications in the biomedical field are outlined. This includes imaging modalities, cancer treatment, and antibacterial capability. Finally, the prospects and challenges of MO and MO -based nanomaterial for fundamental studies and clinical applications are also discussed.