Cretoiu Dragos, Ionescu Ruxandra Florentina, Enache Robert Mihai, Cretoiu Sanda Maria, Voinea Silviu Cristian
Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, 020395 Bucharest, Romania.
Microorganisms. 2021 Sep 9;9(9):1913. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9091913.
The gut microbiome is represented by the genome of all microorganisms (symbiotic, potential pathogens, or pathogens) residing in the intestine. These ecological communities are involved in almost all metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases are not excluded. Atherosclerosis, with a continuously increasing incidence in recent years, is the leading cause of coronary heart disease and stroke by plaque rupture and intraplaque hemorrhage. Vascular calcification, a process very much alike with osteogenesis, is considered to be a marker of advanced atherosclerosis. New evidence, suggesting the role of dietary intake influence on the diversity of the gut microbiome in the development of vascular calcifications, is highly debated. Gut microbiota can metabolize choline, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine and produce vasculotoxic metabolites, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a proatherogenic metabolite. This review article aims to discuss the latest research about how probiotics and the correction of diet is impacting the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the atherosclerotic process and vascular calcification. Further studies could create the premises for interventions in the microbiome as future primary tools in the prevention of atherosclerotic plaque and vascular calcifications.
肠道微生物群由存在于肠道中的所有微生物（共生菌、潜在病原体或病原体）的基因组所代表。这些生态群落几乎涉及所有代谢性疾病，心血管疾病也不例外。动脉粥样硬化近年来发病率持续上升，是冠心病和中风的主要原因，可导致斑块破裂和斑块内出血。血管钙化与骨生成非常相似，被认为是晚期动脉粥样硬化的一个标志。关于饮食摄入对肠道微生物群多样性在血管钙化发展中的影响作用的新证据，引发了激烈的争论。肠道微生物群可代谢胆碱、磷脂酰胆碱和左旋肉碱，并产生血管毒性代谢产物，如三甲胺-N-氧化物（TMAO），一种促动脉粥样硬化代谢产物。这篇综述文章旨在讨论关于益生菌和饮食调整如何影响肠道微生物群及其代谢产物在动脉粥样硬化过程和血管钙化中的最新研究。进一步的研究可为将微生物群干预作为预防动脉粥样硬化斑块和血管钙化的未来主要手段创造前提条件。
