Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
Toxicon. 2021 Nov;203:12-21. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.09.023. Epub 2021 Sep 30.
The deterioration of food and feed stuffs and toxic intestinal effects due to fungal colonization and concomitant production of mycotoxins is an increasing concern. The development of fungi resistance to many commonly used chemical preservatives adds further alarm. Therefore, effective detoxification methods would be useful in counteracting this problem. Biotransformation/adsorption of mycotoxins by lactic acid bacteria and their metabolites is a promising approach to minimize the deleterious effects of mycotoxins. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of Lactobacillus plantarum metabolites in reducing deoxynivalenol intestinal toxicity. To achieve this aim, histological, morphometrical and oxidative stress analyses were performed in the intestinal mucosa of piglets exposed to deoxynivalenol alone or associated with two strains (SN1 and SN2) of L. plantarum subsp. plantarum metabolites. Metabolites were obtained after dichloromethane (D) or ethyl acetate (A) extraction. Jejunal explants were exposed to the following treatments for 2 and 4 h a) culture medium (control group); b) deoxynivalenol (DON, 10 μM); c) L. plantarum metabolites DSN1; d) L. plantarum metabolites DSN1+DON; e) L. plantarum metabolites DSN2; f) L. plantarum metabolites DSN2+DON; g) L. plantarum metabolites ASN1; h) L. plantarum metabolites ASN1+DON; i) L. plantarum metabolites ASN2; j) L. plantarum metabolites ASN2+DON. The metabolites were incubated 1 h previously to DON challenge (one and 3 h of exposure). Histological assessment showed DON-treated explants with villi fusion and atrophy, multifocal apical necrosis and cuboid or flattened enterocytes with 2 and 4 h of exposure, while LP metabolites groups individually or associated with DON remained like control. The density of goblet cells in villi and crypts was reduced in DON explants compared to control group with 2 and 4 h of exposure; on the other hand, a significant increase in this parameter was achieved in LP metabolites groups compared to DON. Morphometric evaluation showed no difference in villi height or crypts depth in any treated explants. Overall, oxidative stress response assessments showed that explants exposed to SN1 extracted with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, and SN2 extracted with dichloromethane reduced superoxide anion production. In conclusion, L. plantarum metabolites induced beneficial effects in intestinal mucosa, reducing the toxic effects of DON on intestinal morphology and oxidative response.
由于真菌定殖和随之产生的霉菌毒素，食物和饲料的恶化以及有毒的肠道影响是一个日益令人关注的问题。真菌对许多常用化学防腐剂的耐药性的发展更是加剧了这种担忧。因此，有效的解毒方法将有助于解决这个问题。乳酸菌及其代谢产物对霉菌毒素的生物转化/吸附是一种很有前途的方法，可以最大限度地减少霉菌毒素的有害影响。本研究的目的是评估植物乳杆菌代谢物对降低脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇肠道毒性的有益作用。为了实现这一目标，对仔猪的肠黏膜进行了组织学、形态计量学和氧化应激分析，这些仔猪单独接触脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇或接触两种植物乳杆菌亚种植物乳杆菌代谢物（SN1 和 SN2）。代谢物是用二氯甲烷（D）或乙酸乙酯（A）提取的。回肠外植体暴露于以下处理 2 和 4 小时：a）培养基（对照组）；b）脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON，10 μM）；c）植物乳杆菌代谢物 DSN1；d）植物乳杆菌代谢物 DSN1+DON；e）植物乳杆菌代谢物 DSN2；f）植物乳杆菌代谢物 DSN2+DON；g）植物乳杆菌代谢物 ASN1；h）植物乳杆菌代谢物 ASN1+DON；i）植物乳杆菌代谢物 ASN2；j）植物乳杆菌代谢物 ASN2+DON。代谢物在 DON 挑战之前孵育 1 小时（暴露 1 和 3 小时）。组织学评估显示，绒毛融合和萎缩、多灶性顶端坏死以及 2 和 4 小时暴露的立方或扁平肠细胞的 DON 处理外植体，而 LP 代谢物组单独或与 DON 一起保持与对照相同。与对照组相比，2 和 4 小时暴露时，DON 外植体的绒毛和隐窝中的杯状细胞密度降低；另一方面，LP 代谢物组与 DON 相比，该参数显著增加。形态计量学评估显示，任何处理的外植体的绒毛高度或隐窝深度均无差异。总的来说，氧化应激反应评估表明，用二氯甲烷和乙酸乙酯提取的 SN1 以及用二氯甲烷提取的 SN2 的植物乳杆菌代谢物减少了超氧阴离子的产生。总之，植物乳杆菌代谢物诱导了肠黏膜的有益作用，降低了 DON 对肠道形态和氧化反应的毒性作用。
