Department of Para-Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University (ANASTU), Kandahar-0093, Afghanistan.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, 560024, Bengaluru, India.
Biomed Res Int. 2021 Oct 6;2021:3987111. doi: 10.1155/2021/3987111. eCollection 2021.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry production chain is one of the major food safety concerns due to indiscriminate usage of antibiotics and the presence of pathogens such as which causes infections in various stages of production. In the present study, 182 samples were collected from commercial broiler supply chain, viz., three hatcheries ( = 29), three commercial broiler farms (CBF; = 99), and three retail meat shops (RMS; = 54), and used for isolation and identification of using three different selective agar media and a selective enrichment medium followed by PCR confirmation targeting the gene. The overall prevalence of was 47/182 (25.82%), and a significantly higher ( < 0.05) prevalence was observed in retail meat shops (46.29%), CBF (19.19%), and hatcheries (10.34%). Comparison of three agar media for isolation of Salmonella revealed that all the media were equally selective. However, PCR amplification of gene fragment was significantly higher ( < 0.01) in selective enrichment culture tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth (TTB) as compared to all solid (agar-based) media. Susceptibility pattern against most frequently used antibiotics revealed that 100% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. High resistance was observed for doxycycline (94.34%), followed by cefpodoxime (84.91%), ciprofloxacin (72.64%), gentamicin (65.09%), enrofloxacin (61.32%), colistin sulphate (40.42%), amikacin (34.91%), ampicillin (33.96%), neomycin (33.02), cefotaxime (30.19%), ceftazidime (29.25%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (23.58%), amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (21.70%), and chloramphenicol (12.26%); 16.98% of the isolates were ex-tended spectrum -lactamase (ESBL) producers, and 76.41% were multidrug resistant (MDR). MDR Salmonella were significantly higher ( < 0.01) in RMS (91.66%) followed by CBF (82.75%), whereas no MDR isolates were present in the isolates from hatcheries. The results indicated a higher prevalence of Salmonella and AMR for commonly used antibiotics in the complete broiler supply chain, especially RMS and CBF. Also, this study idicated that TTB enrichment followed by PCR and colony PCR was found to be rapid, specific and time-saving method.
家禽生产链中的抗微生物药物耐药性（AMR）是主要的食品安全问题之一，这是由于抗生素的滥用和病原体的存在，如 ，它在生产的各个阶段引起感染。在本研究中，从商业肉鸡供应链中采集了 182 个样本，即三个孵化场（ = 29）、三个商业肉鸡养殖场（CBF； = 99）和三个零售肉店（RMS； = 54），并使用三种不同的选择性琼脂培养基和选择性富集培养基分离和鉴定 ，然后使用针对 基因的 PCR 进行确认。沙门氏菌的总检出率为 47/182（25.82%），零售肉店（46.29%）、CBF（19.19%）和孵化场（10.34%）的检出率显著更高（ < 0.05）。比较三种琼脂培养基对沙门氏菌的分离发现，所有培养基的选择性相同。然而，与所有固体（基于琼脂）培养基相比，选择性富集培养四硫磺酸钠亮绿胆汁肉汤（TTB）中 的基因片段 PCR 扩增显著更高（ < 0.01）。对抗生素的最常用抗生素的敏感性模式表明，100%的分离株对至少一种抗生素具有耐药性。对多西环素（94.34%）的耐药性最高，其次是头孢泊肟（84.91%）、环丙沙星（72.64%）、庆大霉素（65.09%）、恩诺沙星（61.32%）、硫酸粘菌素（40.42%）、阿米卡星（34.91%）、氨苄西林（33.96%）、新霉素（33.02%）、头孢噻肟（30.19%）、头孢他啶（29.25%）、复方磺胺甲噁唑（23.58%）、阿莫西林+克拉维酸（21.70%）和氯霉素（12.26%）。16.98%的分离株为扩展谱-β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）生产者，76.41%为多药耐药（MDR）。RMS（91.66%）中 MDR 沙门氏菌的检出率明显高于 CBF（82.75%），而孵化场中未检出 MDR 分离株。结果表明，在完整的肉鸡供应链中，沙门氏菌和对常用抗生素的抗微生物药物耐药性普遍较高，尤其是 RMS 和 CBF。此外，本研究表明，TTB 富集后进行 PCR 和菌落 PCR 是一种快速、特异和节省时间的方法。
