Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Poultry, 141311 Sergiev Posad, Russia.
Toxins (Basel). 2021 Sep 25;13(10):681. doi: 10.3390/toxins13100681.
fungi dominate the grain microbiota in many regions of the world; therefore, the detection of species that are able to produce mycotoxins has received much attention. A total of 178 grain samples of wheat, barley and oat obtained from the Urals and West Siberia regions of Russia in 2017-2019 were included in the study. Grain contamination with fungi belonging to sections and was analysed using qPCR with specific primers. The occurrence of four mycotoxins produced by , AOH, AME, TEN, and TeA, was defined by HPLC-MS/MS. DNA was found in all analysed grain samples. The prevalence of DNA of sect. fungi (range 53 × 10-21,731 × 10 pg/ng) over the DNA of sect. (range 11 × 10‒4237 × 10 pg/ng) in the grain samples was revealed. Sixty-two percent of grain samples were contaminated by at least two mycotoxins. The combination of TEN and TeA was found most often. Eight percent of grain samples were contaminated by all four mycotoxins, and only 3% of samples were free from the analysed secondary toxic metabolites. The amounts varied in a range of 2-53 µg/kg for AOH, 3-56 µg/kg for AME, 3-131 µg/kg for TEN and 9-15,000 µg/kg for TeA. To our knowledge, a new global maximum level of natural contamination of wheat grain with TeA was detected. A positive correlation between the amount of DNA from sect. and TeA was observed. The significant effects of cereal species and geographic origin of samples on the amounts of DNA and mycotoxins of spp. in grain were revealed. Barley was the most heavily contaminated with fungi belonging to both sections. The content of AOH in oat grain was, on average, higher than that found in wheat and barley. The content of TEN in the grain of barley was lower than that in wheat and similar to that in oat. The content of TeA did not depend on the cereal crop. The effect of weather conditions (summer temperature and rainfall) on the final fungal and mycotoxin contamination of grain was discussed. The frequent co-occurrence of different fungi and their mycotoxins in grain indicates the need for further studies investigating this issue.
真菌在世界许多地区的谷物微生物群中占主导地位; 因此，检测能够产生霉菌毒素的物种引起了广泛关注。本研究共纳入了 2017-2019 年俄罗斯乌拉尔和西西伯利亚地区采集的 178 份小麦、大麦和燕麦谷物样本。使用带有特定引物的 qPCR 分析了属于节和节的真菌对谷物的污染情况。通过 HPLC-MS/MS 定义了由产生的四种霉菌毒素的存在，AOH、AME、TEN 和 TeA。在所有分析的谷物样本中均发现了 DNA。分析发现，节真菌的 DNA 流行率（范围为 53×10-21,731×10 pg/ng）高于节真菌的 DNA 流行率（范围为 11×10-4237×10 pg/ng）。在谷物样本中，62%的样本受到至少两种霉菌毒素的污染。最常发现的是 TEN 和 TeA 的组合。8%的谷物样本受到所有四种霉菌毒素的污染，只有 3%的样本没有分析出的次级有毒代谢物。其含量范围为 AOH 2-53µg/kg，AME 3-56µg/kg，TEN 3-131µg/kg，TeA 9-15000µg/kg。据我们所知，在小麦谷物中检测到了天然污染的 TeA 的新的全球最高水平。观察到节真菌 DNA 量与 TeA 之间存在正相关关系。还揭示了谷物中节和节真菌的 DNA 和霉菌毒素的含量受谷物种类和样本地理来源的显著影响。大麦是受两种节真菌污染最严重的谷物。燕麦中 AOH 的含量平均高于小麦和大麦。大麦中 TEN 的含量低于小麦，但与燕麦相似。TeA 的含量与谷物种类无关。讨论了天气条件（夏季温度和降雨量）对谷物最终真菌和霉菌毒素污染的影响。不同节真菌及其霉菌毒素在谷物中频繁共同出现表明需要进一步研究这一问题。
