Cohen Philip R
Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
Department of Dermatology, Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA.
Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2021 Oct 23;14:1529-1540. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S284796. eCollection 2021.
Tattoos, a decorative form of body art, are produced by inoculating pigment into the dermis. Tattoo-associated viral infections can be cutaneous and localized to the tattoo ink; however, viral pathogens acquired during inoculation can cause systemic disease. A comprehensive review of the literature only reveals a limited number of published reports regarding patients with tattoo-associated cutaneous viral lesions. Cutaneous viral pathogens causing lesions to occur on a tattoo include herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), molluscum contagiosum, rubella, and vaccinia. HPV lesions (45 patients) and molluscum contagiosum (14 patients) are the most frequently reported tattoo-associated viral lesions; nearly all the patients were immunocompetent. HPV lesions included verruca vulgaris (29 patients), verruca plana (14 patients) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis (two men). Hypotheses for tattoo-associated HPV lesions and molluscum contagiosum include a black ink-induced cutaneous immunocompromised district since the viral lesions all occurred in black or dark ink and the use of virus-contaminated instruments, pigment, or both during tattoo inoculation. Other sources of HPV include viral spread from a wart that is present but not associated with the tattoo site or virus transmission from the tattooist resulting from contact with a wart on an ungloved hand or HPV-containing saliva used to thin the pigment. Herpes compunctorum (three patients), vaccinia (two patients), and rubella (one patient) were less commonly reported. Blood borne viral pathogens associated with systemic manifestations - such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV - have also been acquired during tattoo inoculation; however, health care interventions have been adopted to attempt prevention of viral agent transmission during tattoo acquisition.
纹身是一种装饰性的人体艺术形式，通过将色素接种到真皮层来产生。与纹身相关的病毒感染可能局限于皮肤并与纹身墨水有关；然而，接种过程中获得的病毒病原体可导致全身性疾病。对文献的全面综述仅发现关于患有与纹身相关的皮肤病毒病变患者的已发表报告数量有限。导致纹身部位出现病变的皮肤病毒病原体包括单纯疱疹病毒（HSV）、人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）、传染性软疣、风疹和牛痘。HPV病变（45例患者）和传染性软疣（14例患者）是最常报告的与纹身相关的病毒病变；几乎所有患者免疫功能正常。HPV病变包括寻常疣（29例患者）、扁平疣（14例患者）和与人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）相关的获得性疣状表皮发育不良（两名男性）。纹身相关HPV病变和传染性软疣的假说包括黑色墨水诱导的皮肤免疫受损区域，因为病毒病变均发生在黑色或深色墨水中，以及纹身接种过程中使用受病毒污染的器械、色素或两者皆用。HPV的其他来源包括来自存在但与纹身部位无关的疣的病毒传播，或纹身师因接触未戴手套手上的疣或用于稀释色素的含HPV唾液而导致的病毒传播。疱疹性纹身（3例患者）、牛痘（2例患者）和风疹（1例患者）的报告较少。与全身性表现相关的血源性病毒病原体，如乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎和HIV，也在纹身接种过程中获得；然而，已采取医疗保健干预措施以试图预防纹身过程中病毒病原体的传播。
