EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Nov 1;22(21):11866. doi: 10.3390/ijms222111866.
Human milk (HM) is considered the most complete food for infants as its nutritional composition is specifically designed to meet infant nutritional requirements during early life. HM also provides numerous biologically active components, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, milk fat globules, IgA, gangliosides or polyamines, among others; in addition, HM has a "bifidogenic effect", a prebiotic effect, as a result of the low concentration of proteins and phosphates, as well as the presence of lactoferrin, lactose, nucleotides and oligosaccharides. Recently, has been a growing interest in HM as a potential source of probiotics and commensal bacteria to the infant gut, which might, in turn, influence both the gut colonization and maturation of infant immune system. Our review aims to address practical approaches to the detection of microbial communities in human breast milk samples, delving into their origin, composition and functions. Furthermore, we will summarize the current knowledge of how HM microbiota dysbiosis acts as a short- and long-term predictor of maternal and infant health. Finally, we also provide a critical view of the role of breast milk-related bacteria as a novel probiotic strategy in the prevention and treatment of maternal and offspring diseases.
人乳被认为是婴儿最完美的食物，因为其营养成分专门设计用于满足婴儿生命早期的营养需求。人乳还提供了许多生物活性成分，如多不饱和脂肪酸、乳脂肪球、IgA、神经节苷脂或多胺等；此外，人乳具有“双歧因子效应”，即具有益生元作用，这是由于蛋白质和磷酸盐浓度低，以及乳铁蛋白、乳糖、核苷酸和低聚糖的存在。最近，人们对人乳作为婴儿肠道潜在益生菌和共生菌来源的兴趣日益浓厚，这可能反过来影响肠道定植和婴儿免疫系统的成熟。我们的综述旨在探讨检测人乳样本中微生物群落的实用方法，深入研究其来源、组成和功能。此外，我们将总结人乳微生物失调如何作为母婴健康的短期和长期预测因子的现有知识。最后，我们还批判性地探讨了人乳相关细菌作为预防和治疗母婴疾病的新型益生菌策略的作用。
