Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Malakand 23050, Pakistan.
Molecules. 2021 Oct 20;26(21):6340. doi: 10.3390/molecules26216340.
is a rich source of pharmacologically active compounds. The variation in the metabolites of interest is one of the major issues in wild plants due to different environmental factors. The addition of chemical elicitors is one of the effective strategies to trigger the biosynthetic pathways for the release of a higher quantity of bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of chemical elicitors, aluminum chloride (AlCl) and cadmium chloride (CdCl), on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biomass, and the antioxidant system in callus cultures of . Among various treatments applied, AlCl (0.1 mM concentration) improved the highest in biomass accumulation (fresh weight (FW): 404.72 g/L) as compared to the control (FW: 269.85 g/L). The exposure of cultures to AlCl (0.01 mM) enhanced the accumulation of secondary metabolites, and the total phenolic contents (TPCs: 7.74 mg/g DW) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs: 1.07 mg/g DW) were higher than those of cultures exposed to CdCl (0.01 mM) with content levels (TPC: 5.60 and TFC: 0.97 mg/g) as compared to the control (TPC: 4.16 and TFC: 0.42 mg/g DW). Likewise, AlCl and CdCl also promoted the free radical scavenging activity (FRSA; 89.4% and 90%, respectively) at a concentration of 0.01 mM, as compared to the control (65.48%). For instance, the quantification of metabolites via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed an optimum production of myricetin (1.20 mg/g), apigenin (0.83 mg/g), isorhamnetin (0.70 mg/g), and kaempferol (0.64 mg/g). Cultures grown in the presence of AlCl triggered higher quantities of secondary metabolites than those grown in the presence of CdCl (0.79, 0.74, 0.57, and 0.67 mg/g). Moreover, AlCl at 0.1 mM enhanced the biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase (SOD: 0.08 nM/min/mg-FW) and peroxidase enzymes (POD: 2.37 nM/min/mg-FW), while CdCl resulted in an SOD activity up to 0.06 nM/min/mg-FW and POD: 2.72 nM/min/mg-FW. From these results, it is clear that AlCl is a better elicitor in terms of a higher and uniform productivity of biomass, secondary cell products, and antioxidant enzymes compared to CdCl and the control. It is possible to scale the current strategy to a bioreactor for a higher productivity of metabolites of interest for various pharmaceutical industries.
是一种富含具有药理活性化合物的资源。由于不同的环境因素，感兴趣的代谢物的变化是野生植物的主要问题之一。添加化学诱导剂是触发生物合成途径以释放更高数量生物活性化合物的有效策略之一。因此，本研究旨在探讨化学诱导剂氯化铝（AlCl）和氯化镉（CdCl）对 的次生代谢物生物合成、生物量和抗氧化系统的影响。在应用的各种处理中，AlCl（0.1 mM 浓度）处理提高了生物量积累的最高水平（鲜重（FW）：404.72 g/L），与对照（FW：269.85 g/L）相比。培养物暴露于 AlCl（0.01 mM）可增强次生代谢物的积累，总酚含量（TPC：7.74 mg/g DW）和总黄酮含量（TFC：1.07 mg/g DW）高于培养物暴露于 CdCl（0.01 mM）的含量水平（TPC：5.60 和 TFC：0.97 mg/g）与对照（TPC：4.16 和 TFC：0.42 mg/g DW）相比。同样，AlCl 和 CdCl 还在 0.01 mM 浓度下促进了自由基清除活性（FRSA；分别为 89.4%和 90%），而对照为 65.48%。例如，通过高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对代谢物进行定量分析，发现杨梅素（1.20 mg/g）、芹菜素（0.83 mg/g）、异鼠李素（0.70 mg/g）和山奈酚（0.64 mg/g）的产量最佳。在 AlCl 存在下生长的培养物比在 CdCl（0.79、0.74、0.57 和 0.67 mg/g）存在下生长的培养物产生更多的次生代谢物。此外，0.1 mM 的 AlCl 增强了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD：0.08 nM/min/mg-FW）和过氧化物酶（POD：2.37 nM/min/mg-FW）的生物合成，而 CdCl 导致 SOD 活性高达 0.06 nM/min/mg-FW 和 POD：2.72 nM/min/mg-FW。从这些结果可以清楚地看出，与 CdCl 和对照相比，AlCl 是一种更好的诱导剂，可实现更高和更均匀的生物量、次生细胞产物和抗氧化酶的生产力。可以将当前策略扩展到生物反应器，以提高各种制药行业感兴趣的代谢物的产量。
