Shahriari Shiva, Sastry Murali, Panjikar Santosh, Singh Raman R K
Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Nanotechnol Sci Appl. 2021 Nov 16;14:197-220. doi: 10.2147/NSA.S334487. eCollection 2021.
Graphene and graphene oxide have become the base of many advanced biosensors due to their exceptional characteristics. However, lack of some properties, such as inertness of graphene in organic solutions and non-electrical conductivity of graphene oxide, are their drawbacks in sensing applications. To compensate for these shortcomings, various methods of modifications have been developed to provide the appropriate properties required for biosensing. Efficient modification of graphene and graphene oxide facilitates the interaction of biomolecules with their surface, and the ultimate bioconjugate can be employed as the main sensing part of the biosensors. Graphene nanomaterials as transducers increase the signal response in various sensing applications. Their large surface area and perfect biocompatibility with lots of biomolecules provide the prerequisite of a stable biosensor, which is the immobilization of bioreceptor on transducer. Biosensor development has paramount importance in the field of environmental monitoring, security, defense, food safety standards, clinical sector, marine sector, biomedicine, and drug discovery. Biosensor applications are also prevalent in the plant biology sector to find the missing links required in the metabolic process. In this review, the importance of oxygen functional groups in functionalizing the graphene and graphene oxide and different types of functionalization will be explained. Moreover, immobilization of biomolecules (such as protein, peptide, DNA, aptamer) on graphene and graphene oxide and at the end, the application of these biomaterials in biosensors with different transducing mechanisms will be discussed.
由于其卓越的特性，石墨烯和氧化石墨烯已成为许多先进生物传感器的基础。然而，缺乏某些特性，如石墨烯在有机溶液中的惰性和氧化石墨烯的非导电性，是它们在传感应用中的缺点。为了弥补这些缺点，已开发出各种修饰方法，以提供生物传感所需的适当特性。对石墨烯和氧化石墨烯的有效修饰促进了生物分子与其表面的相互作用，最终的生物共轭物可作为生物传感器的主要传感部分。作为换能器的石墨烯纳米材料在各种传感应用中增加了信号响应。它们的大表面积以及与许多生物分子的完美生物相容性为稳定的生物传感器提供了先决条件，即生物受体在换能器上的固定。生物传感器的开发在环境监测、安全、国防、食品安全标准、临床领域、海洋领域、生物医学和药物发现等领域具有至关重要的意义。生物传感器的应用在植物生物学领域也很普遍，以寻找代谢过程中所需的缺失环节。在这篇综述中，将解释氧官能团在石墨烯和氧化石墨烯功能化中的重要性以及不同类型的功能化。此外，还将讨论生物分子（如蛋白质、肽、DNA、适体）在石墨烯和氧化石墨烯上的固定，最后，将讨论这些生物材料在具有不同换能机制的生物传感器中的应用。
