Cell and Developmental Biology and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
Epithelial Biology Center and Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
Nutrients. 2021 Oct 22;13(11):3712. doi: 10.3390/nu13113712.
In addition to the small intestine's well-known function of nutrient absorption, the small intestine also plays a major role in nutrient sensing. Similar to taste sensors seen on the tongue, GPCR-coupled nutrient sensors are expressed throughout the intestinal epithelium and respond to nutrients found in the lumen. These taste receptors respond to specific ligands, such as digested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The activation of nutrient sensors in the intestine allows for the induction of signaling pathways needed for the digestive system to process an influx of nutrients. Such processes include those related to glucose homeostasis and satiety. Defects in intestinal nutrient sensing have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we review recent updates in the mechanisms related to intestinal nutrient sensors, particularly in enteroendocrine cells, and their pathological roles in disease. Additionally, we highlight the emerging nutrient sensing role of tuft cells and recent work using enteroids as a sensory organ model.
除了众所周知的小肠营养吸收功能外，小肠在营养感应中也起着重要作用。类似于舌头上的味觉传感器，与 G 蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）耦联的营养传感器在整个肠上皮细胞中表达，并对腔中的营养素做出反应。这些味觉受体对特定的配体做出反应，例如消化后的碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质。肠道中营养传感器的激活允许诱导消化系统处理营养物质涌入所需的信号通路。这些过程包括与葡萄糖稳态和饱腹感相关的过程。肠道营养感应的缺陷与各种代谢紊乱有关，例如 2 型糖尿病和肥胖症。在这里，我们回顾了与肠道营养传感器相关的机制的最新进展，特别是在肠内分泌细胞中的机制，以及它们在疾病中的病理作用。此外，我们还强调了微绒毛细胞作为感觉器官模型的新兴营养感应作用和最近的工作。
