Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8001, USA.
Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
Sci Rep. 2022 Feb 16;12(1):2643. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06421-2.
Limited research exists on carbohydrate intake and oral microbiome diversity and composition assessed with next-generation sequencing. We aimed to better understand the association between habitual carbohydrate intake and the oral microbiome, as the oral microbiome has been associated with caries, periodontal disease, and systemic diseases. We investigated if total carbohydrates, starch, monosaccharides, disaccharides, fiber, or glycemic load (GL) were associated with the diversity and composition of oral bacteria in subgingival plaque samples of 1204 post-menopausal women. Carbohydrate intake and GL were assessed from a food frequency questionnaire, and adjusted for energy intake. The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene from subgingival plaque samples were sequenced to identify the relative abundance of microbiome compositional data expressed as operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The abundance of OTUs were centered log(2)-ratio transformed to account for the compositional data structure. Associations between carbohydrate/GL intake and microbiome alpha-diversity measures were examined using linear regression. PERMANOVA analyses were conducted to examine microbiome beta-diversity measures across quartiles of carbohydrate/GL intake. Associations between intake of carbohydrates and GL and the abundance of the 245 identified OTUs were examined by using linear regression. Total carbohydrates, GL, starch, lactose, and sucrose intake were inversely associated with alpha-diversity measures. Beta-diversity across quartiles of total carbohydrates, fiber, GL, sucrose, and galactose, were all statistically significant (p for PERMANOVA p < 0.05). Positive associations were observed between total carbohydrates, GL, sucrose and Streptococcus mutans; GL and both Sphingomonas HOT 006 and Scardovia wiggsiae; and sucrose and Streptococcus lactarius. A negative association was observed between lactose and Aggregatibacter segnis, and between sucrose and both TM7_[G-1] HOT 346 and Leptotrichia HOT 223. Intake of total carbohydrate, GL, and sucrose were inversely associated with subgingival bacteria alpha-diversity, the microbial beta-diversity varied by their intake, and they were associated with the relative abundance of specific OTUs. Higher intake of sucrose, or high GL foods, may influence poor oral health outcomes (and perhaps systemic health outcomes) in older women via their influence on the oral microbiome.
关于碳水化合物摄入量与下一代测序评估的口腔微生物组多样性和组成之间的关系，目前研究有限。我们旨在更好地了解习惯性碳水化合物摄入量与口腔微生物组之间的关联，因为口腔微生物组与龋齿、牙周病和全身性疾病有关。我们调查了总碳水化合物、淀粉、单糖、二糖、纤维或血糖负荷 (GL) 是否与 1204 名绝经后妇女龈下菌斑样本中的口腔细菌多样性和组成有关。碳水化合物摄入量和 GL 是从食物频率问卷中评估的，并根据能量摄入进行了调整。从龈下菌斑样本中扩增 16S rRNA 基因的 V3-V4 区，以鉴定微生物组组成数据的相对丰度，该数据表示为操作分类单位 (OTU)。OTU 的丰度通过对数 2-比转换进行中心化，以解释组成数据结构。使用线性回归分析检查碳水化合物/GL 摄入量与微生物组 alpha 多样性测量值之间的关联。通过 PERMANOVA 分析检查碳水化合物/GL 摄入量四分位数之间的微生物组 beta 多样性测量值。使用线性回归分析检查碳水化合物和 GL 摄入量与 245 个鉴定的 OTU 丰度之间的关系。总碳水化合物、GL、淀粉、乳糖和蔗糖摄入量与 alpha 多样性测量值呈负相关。总碳水化合物、纤维、GL、蔗糖和半乳糖四分位数的 beta 多样性均具有统计学意义（PERMANOVA p<0.05）。总碳水化合物、GL、蔗糖与变形链球菌之间存在正相关关系；GL 与 Sphingomonas HOT 006 和 Scardovia wiggsiae 之间存在正相关关系；蔗糖与乳链球菌之间存在正相关关系。乳糖与 Aggregatibacter segnis 之间以及蔗糖与 TM7_[G-1] HOT 346 和 Leptotrichia HOT 223 之间均存在负相关关系。总碳水化合物、GL 和蔗糖的摄入量与龈下细菌 alpha 多样性呈负相关，微生物 beta 多样性因摄入量而异，并且它们与特定 OTU 的相对丰度有关。较高的蔗糖或高 GL 食物的摄入可能通过其对口腔微生物组的影响，影响老年妇女的口腔健康（也许还有全身健康）结果。
