Zemková Erika
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Front Physiol. 2022 Feb 14;13:792875. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.792875. eCollection 2022.
While the effect of a variety of exercises on postural balance control has been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to those requiring sport-specific skills. Therefore there is a need to analyze the literature and elucidate changes in postural balance control after exercises performed in conditions close to a particular sport. This scoping review aims (i) To map the literature that addresses postural sway aspects of acute responses to general and sport-specific exercises and their underlying physiological mechanisms, and (ii) To identify gaps in the existing literature and propose future research on this topic. The main literature search conducted on MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases was completed by SpringerLink, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. A total of 60 articles met the inclusion criteria. Findings identified that among a variety of studies evaluating the effects of exercise on postural balance control, only few of them were conducted under sport-specific conditions (i.e., while shooting in biathlon or pentathlon, and after simulated or match-induced protocols in combat and team sports). Therefore, more research is still needed to address this gap in the literature and aim research at investigation of postural sway response to sport-specific exercises. Further analysis of the literature showed that the type, intensity and duration of exercise play a key role in increased postural sway. Whole body and localized muscular fatigue of the trunk, neck and lower limbs is considered to be a main factor responsible for the magnitude of balance impairment in an initial phase of recovery and speed of its readjustment to a pre-exercise level. Other likely factors affecting postural stability are hyperventilation and deterioration of sensorimotor functions, though some contribution of muscle damage, dehydration, hyperthermia or dizziness cannot be excluded. A better understanding of the physiological mechanisms of balance impairment after exercises performed under simulated fatigue induced protocol, close to conditions specific to a particular sport, has implications for designing smart exercise programs tailored to individual needs to improve athlete performance with high demands on postural stability and/or decrease their risk of injuries.
虽然各种运动对姿势平衡控制的影响已得到广泛研究，但对那些需要特定运动技能的运动关注较少。因此，有必要分析文献，阐明在接近特定运动的条件下进行运动后姿势平衡控制的变化。本范围综述旨在：（i）梳理涉及一般运动和特定运动急性反应的姿势摆动方面及其潜在生理机制的文献，以及（ii）识别现有文献中的空白并提出关于该主题的未来研究方向。在MEDLINE、科学网、Scopus、PubMed和Cochrane图书馆数据库上进行的主要文献检索由施普林格自然、爱思唯尔和谷歌学术完成。共有60篇文章符合纳入标准。研究结果表明，在评估运动对姿势平衡控制影响的各种研究中，只有少数是在特定运动条件下进行的（例如，在冬季两项或五项全能射击时，以及在格斗和团队运动的模拟或比赛诱导方案之后）。因此，仍需要更多研究来填补文献中的这一空白，并针对特定运动的姿势摆动反应进行研究。对文献的进一步分析表明，运动的类型、强度和持续时间在增加姿势摆动方面起着关键作用。躯干、颈部和下肢的全身和局部肌肉疲劳被认为是恢复初始阶段平衡受损程度及其重新调整到运动前水平速度的主要因素。影响姿势稳定性的其他可能因素是过度通气和感觉运动功能的恶化，不过肌肉损伤、脱水、体温过高或头晕的一些影响也不能排除。更好地理解在模拟疲劳诱导方案下、接近特定运动条件下进行运动后平衡受损的生理机制，对于设计符合个体需求的智能运动计划具有重要意义，以提高对姿势稳定性有高要求的运动员的表现和/或降低他们受伤的风险。
