Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
National Center for Trauma and Emergency Medicine Research, Sheba Medical Center, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel.
Front Public Health. 2022 Apr 1;10:883281. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.883281. eCollection 2022.
Civilian populations that are more prepared for emergencies are more resilient. Ample research has been carried out over the last three decades to identify the factors that contribute to public readiness to emergencies and disasters and enhance societal resilience. However, the analysis did not achieve an in-depth comprehension of the types of contributing factors, namely, contextual vs. target aspects. A cross-sectional study that explored attitudinal factors among civilian populations took place during the months of January-February 2021. Diverse representative samples ( ≥ 500 each) of adults from eight countries (Italy, Romania, Spain, France, Sweden, Norway, Israel, and Japan) were engaged. The primary outcomes of this study were individual and societal resilience as well as emergency preparedness. The results suggest that in most countries, levels of trust are relatively high for emergency services and health services, and relatively low for politicians. In the overall sample, the individual preparedness index, which delineates the compliance with general household adjustment recommendation for emergencies, averaged at 4.44 ± 2.05SD (out of 8). Some variability was observed between countries, with some countries (e.g., Spain, Norway, and Italy) reporting higher preparedness rates than others (e.g., Japan). In the overall sample, levels of individual resilience were mediocre. Multivariate analysis showed that the following variables are predictors of societal resilience: trust (β = 0.59), social norms and communality (β = 0.20), individual resilience (β = 0.05), individual preparedness (β = 0.04), risk awareness (β = 0.04), and age (β = 0.03). The results of this study show that there are commonalities and differences between societies across Europe and beyond concerning societal resilience at large, including preparedness, individual resilience, and risk perception. Despite socio-cultural driven differences, this study shows that societies share varied characteristics that may contribute toward a common model for assessing societal resilience and for explaining and predicting resilience and readiness.
对紧急情况准备更充分的平民人口更具弹性。在过去的三十年中，进行了大量研究，以确定导致公众对紧急情况和灾难的准备程度以及增强社会弹性的因素。但是，该分析并未深入了解促成因素的类型，即上下文与目标方面。一项横断面研究在 2021 年 1 月至 2 月期间探索了平民人口的态度因素。来自八个国家（意大利，罗马尼亚，西班牙，法国，瑞典，挪威，以色列和日本）的不同代表性样本（每个样本≥500 人）都参与了这项研究。该研究的主要结果是个人和社会弹性以及应急准备。结果表明，在大多数国家，对紧急服务和卫生服务的信任度相对较高，而对政客的信任度相对较低。在总体样本中，个体准备指数（表示对紧急情况的一般家庭调整建议的遵守程度）平均为 4.44 ± 2.05SD（满分 8 分）。各国之间存在一定的差异，有些国家（例如西班牙，挪威和意大利）的准备率高于其他国家（例如日本）。在总体样本中，个体弹性水平中等。多元分析表明，以下变量是社会弹性的预测指标：信任（β=0.59），社会规范和共性（β=0.20），个体弹性（β=0.05），个体准备度（β=0.04），风险意识（β=0.04）和年龄（β=0.03）。这项研究的结果表明，在整个欧洲乃至其他地区，关于社会弹性，包括准备度，个体弹性和风险认知，社会之间存在共性和差异。尽管存在社会文化驱动的差异，但这项研究表明，社会具有不同的特征，这些特征可能有助于建立评估社会弹性以及解释和预测弹性和准备度的共同模式。
