Allizond Valeria, Comini Sara, Cuffini Anna Maria, Banche Giuliana
Bacteriology and Mycology Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Via Santena 9, 10126 Turin, Italy.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Apr 15;11(4):529. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11040529.
A significant challenge in orthopedics is the design of biomaterial devices that are able to perform biological functions by substituting or repairing various tissues and controlling bone repair when required. This review presents an overview of the current state of our recent research into biomaterial modifications to reduce bacterial adhesive ability, compared with previous reviews and excellent research papers, but it is not intended to be exhaustive. In particular, we investigated biomaterials for replacement, such as metallic materials (titanium and titanium alloys) and polymers (ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene), and biomaterials for regeneration, such as poly(ε-caprolactone) and calcium phosphates as composites. Biomaterials have been designed, developed, and characterized to define surface/bulk features; they have also been subjected to bacterial adhesion assays to verify their potential capability to counteract infections. The addition of metal ions (e.g., silver), natural antimicrobial compounds (e.g., essential oils), or antioxidant agents (e.g., vitamin E) to different biomaterials conferred strong antibacterial properties and anti-adhesive features, improving their capability to counteract prosthetic joint infections and biofilm formation, which are important issues in orthopedic surgery. The complexity of biological materials is still far from being reached by materials science through the development of sophisticated biomaterials. However, close interdisciplinary work by materials scientists, engineers, microbiologists, chemists, physicists, and orthopedic surgeons is indeed necessary to modify the structures of biomaterials in order to achieve implant integration and tissue regeneration while avoiding microbial contamination.
骨科领域的一项重大挑战是设计生物材料装置，这些装置能够通过替代或修复各种组织并在需要时控制骨修复来执行生物学功能。与之前的综述和优秀研究论文相比，本综述概述了我们最近对生物材料改性以降低细菌粘附能力的研究现状，但并不打算详尽无遗。特别是，我们研究了用于替代的生物材料，如金属材料（钛和钛合金）和聚合物（超高分子量聚乙烯），以及用于再生的生物材料，如聚（ε-己内酯）和作为复合材料的磷酸钙。已对生物材料进行设计、开发和表征以确定其表面/整体特征；还对它们进行了细菌粘附试验以验证其抵抗感染的潜在能力。向不同生物材料中添加金属离子（如银）、天然抗菌化合物（如精油）或抗氧化剂（如维生素E）赋予了它们强大的抗菌性能和抗粘附特性，提高了它们抵抗人工关节感染和生物膜形成的能力，而这是骨科手术中的重要问题。通过开发复杂的生物材料，材料科学仍远未达到生物材料的复杂性。然而，材料科学家、工程师、微生物学家、化学家、物理学家和骨科外科医生之间密切的跨学科合作对于修改生物材料的结构确实是必要的，以便在避免微生物污染的同时实现植入物整合和组织再生。
