Thormann Kai M
Fachbereich für Chemie und Biologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany.
Front Microbiol. 2022 Apr 12;13:863804. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.863804. eCollection 2022.
Flagellar motors are intricate rotating nanomachines that are powered by transmembrane ion gradients. The stator complexes are the powerhouses of the flagellar motor: They convert a transmembrane ion gradient, mainly of H or Na, into rotation of the helical flagellar filament. They are thus essential for motor function. The number of stators synchronously engaged in the motor is surprisingly dynamic and depends on the load and the environmental concentration of the corresponding coupling ion. Thus, the rotor-stator interactions determine an important part of the properties of the motor. Numerous bacteria have been identified as possessing more than one set of stators, and some species have been demonstrated to use these different stators in various configurations to modify motor functions by dynamic in-flight swapping. Here, we review knowledge of the properties, the functions, and the evolution of these hybrid motors and discuss questions that remain unsolved.
鞭毛马达是由跨膜离子梯度提供动力的复杂旋转纳米机器。定子复合体是鞭毛马达的动力源：它们将主要由H或Na构成的跨膜离子梯度转化为螺旋鞭毛丝的旋转。因此，它们对于马达功能至关重要。同步参与马达运转的定子数量出人意料地具有动态性，并且取决于负载以及相应耦合离子的环境浓度。因此，转子 - 定子相互作用决定了马达特性的一个重要部分。许多细菌已被鉴定为拥有不止一组定子，并且一些物种已被证明通过动态飞行交换以各种配置使用这些不同的定子来改变马达功能。在这里，我们综述了这些混合马达的特性、功能和进化方面的知识，并讨论了尚未解决的问题。
