Biomacromolecules. 2022 Jul 11;23(7):2730-2751. doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00423. Epub 2022 Jun 13.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques for scaffold fabrication have shown promising advancements in recent years owing to the ability of the latest high-performance printers to mimic the native tissue down to submicron scales. Nevertheless, host integration and performance of scaffolds in vivo have been severely limited owing to the lack of robust strategies to promote vascularization in 3D printed scaffolds. As a result, researchers over the past decade have been exploring strategies that can promote vascularization in 3D printed scaffolds toward enhancing scaffold functionality and ensuring host integration. Various emerging strategies to enhance vascularization in 3D printed scaffolds are discussed. These approaches include simple strategies such as the enhancement of vascular in-growth from the host upon implantation by scaffold modifications to complex approaches wherein scaffolds are fabricated with their own vasculature that can be directly anastomosed or microsurgically connected to the host vasculature, thereby ensuring optimal integration. The key differences among the techniques, their pros and cons, and the future opportunities for utilizing each technique are highlighted here. The Review concludes with the current limitations and future directions that can help 3D printing emerge as an effective biofabrication technique to realize tissues with physiologically relevant vasculatures to ultimately accelerate clinical translation.
近年来，由于最新高性能打印机能够模拟出达到亚微米级别的天然组织的能力，三维（3D）打印技术在支架制造方面取得了令人瞩目的进展。然而，由于缺乏促进 3D 打印支架中血管生成的稳健策略，支架在体内的宿主整合和性能受到严重限制。因此，在过去的十年中，研究人员一直在探索能够促进 3D 打印支架中血管生成的策略，以增强支架的功能并确保宿主整合。本文讨论了各种新兴的增强 3D 打印支架中血管生成的策略。这些方法包括简单的策略，例如通过支架修改促进宿主在植入后血管向内生长，以及复杂的方法，其中支架是用自身的脉管系统制造的，可以直接吻合或通过显微外科连接到宿主脉管系统，从而确保最佳整合。本文重点介绍了这些技术之间的关键差异、优缺点以及利用每种技术的未来机会。本综述以目前的局限性和未来的发展方向为结尾，这有助于 3D 打印技术作为一种有效的生物制造技术出现，实现具有生理相关脉管系统的组织，最终加速临床转化。
