Yousafzai Muhammad Tariq, Shah Tariq, Khan Salim, Ullah Sana, Nawaz Muhammad, Han Heesup, Ariza-Montes Antonio, Molina-Sánchez Horacio, Vega-Muñoz Alejandro
Centre for Management and Commerce (CMC), University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan.
Department of Economics and Development Studies, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan.
Front Psychol. 2022 May 31;13:870555. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.870555. eCollection 2022.
The study uses a transformative worldview to give voice to an economically marginalized group of tenant farmers vulnerable to climate changes due to their calamity prone geographical location. Drawing on anthropogenic global warming (AGW) theory lens, we examine the impact of manmade actions on climate change in District "Swat" and "Malakand" of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, Pakistan using a sequential mixed methods research design. Through this research design, the results of quantitative survey were complemented with a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews. In first phase, we conducted a survey of 200 tenant farmers, followed by second wave of data collection involving 12 open-ended in-depth interviews (IDIs). The both qualitative and quantitative results suggest that farmers in both districts are affected by climate change although their crop yield had progressively increased signaling better coping and survival skills than other parts of country. Majority of respondents believed that climate change is something beyond their control in disagreement with AGW theory. Major economic losses were specifically, due to sudden alterations in weather patterns, such as floods, and hailstorms that reduce productivity as well as results in food waste with no avenues available to reclaim the energy laden in organic food waste. Besides, a productivity loss was attributed to outdated farming, lack of awareness regarding sharecropping and crop loan insurance practices. The study concludes that farmers are most vulnerable to climate change in socioeconomic terms as such changes impact their income sources; This inwardly compels cash strapped tenant farmers to delve in practice of informal credit with substantive risks attached which further deteriorates their livelihoods. The study offers understanding of how low-literate and economically marginalized indigenous tenant farmers cope to climate change and offers policy recommendations to advocate for the rights to earn sustainable livelihoods in the face of grand climate challenge.
该研究采用了一种变革性的世界观，让一群经济上处于边缘地位的佃农发声，他们因所处地理位置易受灾，因而容易受到气候变化的影响。借助人为全球变暖（AGW）理论视角，我们采用序列混合方法研究设计，考察了人为行动对巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省（KPK）“斯瓦特”和“马拉坎德”地区气候变化的影响。通过这种研究设计，定量调查的结果得到了深入访谈定性分析的补充。在第一阶段，我们对200名佃农进行了调查，随后进行了第二轮数据收集，涉及12次开放式深入访谈（IDI）。定性和定量结果均表明，尽管这两个地区的农民作物产量逐步增加，表明他们比该国其他地区有更好的应对和生存技能，但他们仍受到气候变化的影响。大多数受访者认为气候变化超出了他们的控制范围，这与AGW理论不一致。主要经济损失具体是由于天气模式的突然变化，如洪水和冰雹风暴，这些灾害降低了生产力，还导致食物浪费，且没有途径回收有机食物垃圾中所含的能量。此外，生产力损失归因于过时的耕作方式、对分成租佃和作物贷款保险做法缺乏认识。该研究得出结论，从社会经济角度来看，农民最容易受到气候变化的影响，因为这些变化会影响他们的收入来源；这内在地迫使资金紧张的佃农从事附带重大风险的非正式信贷业务，这进一步恶化了他们的生计。该研究提供了对低文化水平和经济上处于边缘地位的本土佃农如何应对气候变化的理解，并提出了政策建议，以倡导在巨大气候挑战面前获得可持续生计的权利。
