Chakraborty Nayanika, Gandhi Sona, Verma Rajni, Roy Indrajit
Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
Department of Chemistry, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India.
Biomedicines. 2022 Jun 10;10(6):1378. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10061378.
The ability of some nanoparticles to mimic the activity of certain enzymes paves the way for several attractive biomedical applications which bolster the already impressive arsenal of nanomaterials to combat deadly diseases. A key feature of such 'nanozymes' is the duplication of activities of enzymes or classes of enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, oxidase, and peroxidase which are known to modulate the oxidative balance of treated cells for facilitating a particular biological process such as cellular apoptosis. Several nanoparticles that include those of metals, metal oxides/sulfides, metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based materials, etc., have shown the ability to behave as one or more of such enzymes. As compared to natural enzymes, these artificial nanozymes are safer, less expensive, and more stable. Moreover, their catalytic activity can be tuned by changing their size, shape, surface properties, etc. In addition, they can also be engineered to demonstrate additional features, such as photoactivated hyperthermia, or be loaded with active agents for multimodal action. Several researchers have explored the nanozyme-mediated oxidative modulation for therapeutic purposes, often in combination with other diagnostic and/or therapeutic modalities, using a single probe. It has been observed that such synergistic action can effectively by-pass the various defense mechanisms adapted by rogue cells such as hypoxia, evasion of immuno-recognition, drug-rejection, etc. The emerging prospects of using several such nanoparticle platforms for the treatment of bacterial infections/diseases and cancer, along with various related challenges and opportunities, are discussed in this review.
一些纳米颗粒模拟某些酶活性的能力为多种引人注目的生物医学应用铺平了道路，这些应用增强了纳米材料已令人印象深刻的对抗致命疾病的武器库。此类“纳米酶”的一个关键特性是复制酶或酶类的活性，例如过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、氧化酶和过氧化物酶，已知这些酶可调节被处理细胞的氧化平衡，以促进特定的生物过程，如细胞凋亡。包括金属、金属氧化物/硫化物、金属有机框架、碳基材料等在内的几种纳米颗粒已显示出具有一种或多种此类酶的行为能力。与天然酶相比，这些人工纳米酶更安全、成本更低且更稳定。此外，它们的催化活性可通过改变其尺寸、形状、表面性质等进行调节。此外，它们还可被设计成具有其他特性，如光激活热疗，或负载活性剂以实现多模态作用。几位研究人员已探索将纳米酶介导的氧化调节用于治疗目的，通常是使用单一探针将其与其他诊断和/或治疗方式结合使用。据观察，这种协同作用可有效绕过流氓细胞所采用的各种防御机制，如缺氧、逃避免疫识别、药物排斥等。本文综述了使用几种此类纳米颗粒平台治疗细菌感染/疾病和癌症的新兴前景，以及各种相关的挑战和机遇。
