Induction of amphotericin B resistance in susceptible by extracellular vesicles.

Drug resistance derived from extracellular vesicles (EVs) is an increasingly important research area but has seldom been described regarding fungal pathogens. Here, we characterized EVs derived from a triazole-resistant but amphotericin B-susceptible strain of . Nano- to microgram concentrations of EVs prepared from both broth and solid agar cultures could robustly increase the yeast's survival against both pure and clinical amphotericin B formulations in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in up to 16-fold changes of minimum inhibitory concentration. Meanwhile, this effect was not observed upon addition of these EVs to , nor upon addition of EVs to . No change in susceptibilities was observed upon EV treatment for fluconazole, voriconazole, micafungin, and flucytosine. Mass spectrometry indicated the presence of immunogenic-/drug resistance-implicated proteins in EVs, including alcohol dehydrogenase 1 as well as Mp65-like and Xog1-like proteins in high quantities. Based on these observations, we propose a potential species-specific role for EVs in amphotericin B resistance in . These observations may provide critical insights into treatment of multidrug-resistant .