IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich; Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2022 Aug 8;119(31-32):527-534. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0244.
Monitoring the use of psychoactive substances and substance-related problems in the population allows for the assessment of prevalence and associated health and social consequences.
The data are derived from the Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse (ESA) 2021 (n = 9046, 18-64 years). We estimated prevalence rates of the use of tobacco, alcohol, illegal drugs, and psychoactive medications, as well as the prevalence rates of their problematic use (indicating dependence) using screening instruments, and extrapolated the results to the resident population (N = 51 139 451).
Alcohol was the most frequently used substance, with a 30-day prevalence of 70.5% (36.1 million people), followed by non-opioid analgesic drugs (47.4%; 24.2 million) and conventional tobacco products (22.7%; 11.6 million). E-cigarettes were used by 4.3% (2.2 million) and heat-not-burn products by 1.3% (665 000). Among illegal drugs (12-month prevalence), cannabis was the most frequently used (8.8%; 4.5 million), followed by cocaine/crack (1.6%; 818 000) and amphetamine (1.4%; 716 000). Rates of problematic use among the study participants were 17.6% for alcohol (9.0 million), 7.8% for tobacco (4.0 million), 5.7% for psychoactive medications (2.9 million), and 2.5% for cannabis (1.3 million).
The consumption of psychoactive substances continues to be widespread in Germany. In view of the imminent legal changes, the high prevalence of cannabis use and its problematic use need to be taken into consideration.
监测人群中精神活性物质的使用和与物质相关的问题，可以评估其流行程度以及相关的健康和社会后果。
数据来自 2021 年的《物质滥用流行病学调查》（ESA）（n=9046，年龄 18-64 岁）。我们使用筛查工具估计了烟草、酒精、非法药物和精神活性药物的使用流行率，以及其问题使用（表明依赖）的流行率，并将结果外推至居民人口（N=51139451）。
酒精是最常使用的物质，30 天使用率为 70.5%（3610 万人），其次是非阿片类镇痛药（47.4%；2420 万人）和常规烟草制品（22.7%；1160 万人）。电子烟使用率为 4.3%（220 万人），加热不燃烧产品为 1.3%（66.5 万人）。在非法药物（12 个月流行率）中，大麻的使用率最高（8.8%；450 万人），其次是可卡因/快克（1.6%；81.8 万人）和安非他命（1.4%；71.6 万人）。研究参与者中酒精（900 万人）、烟草（400 万人）、精神活性药物（290 万人）和大麻（130 万人）的问题使用率分别为 17.6%、7.8%、5.7%和 2.5%。
精神活性物质的消费在德国仍很普遍。鉴于即将发生的法律变化，需要考虑大麻使用及其问题使用的高流行率。
