Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
Sports Med. 2022 Nov;52(11):2691-2712. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01716-w. Epub 2022 Jul 9.
Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion has an ergogenic effect on endurance training performance. Less is known about the effect of acute CHO ingestion on resistance training (RT) performance and equivocal results are reported in the literature.
The current systematic review and meta-analysis sought to determine if and to what degree CHO ingestion influences RT performance.
PubMed, MEDLINE, SportDiscus, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles written in English that used a cross-over design to assess the acute effect of CHO ingestion on RT performance outcomes (e.g., muscle strength, power, and endurance) in healthy human participants compared to a placebo or water-only conditions. The Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool and GRADE approaches were used to assess risk of bias and certainty of evidence, respectively. Random effects meta-analyses were performed for total training session volume and post-exercise blood lactate and glucose. Sub-group meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed for categorical (session and fast durations) and continuous (total number of maximal effort sets, load used, and CHO dose) covariates, respectively.
Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 226 participants). Pooled results revealed a significant benefit of CHO ingestion in comparison to a placebo or control for total session training volume (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.61). Sub-group analysis revealed a significant benefit of CHO ingestion during sessions longer than 45 min (SMD = 1.02) and after a fast duration of 8 h or longer (SMD = 0.39). Pooled results revealed elevated post-exercise blood lactate (SMD = 0.58) and blood glucose (SMD = 2.36) with CHO ingestion. Meta-regression indicated that the number of maximal effort sets, but not CHO dose or load used, moderates the effect of CHO ingestion on RT performance (beta co-efficient [b] = 0.11). Carbohydrate dose does not moderate post-exercise lactate accumulation nor do maximal effort sets completed, load used, and CHO dose moderate the effect of CHO ingestion on post-exercise blood glucose.
Carbohydrate ingestion has an ergogenic effect on RT performance by enhancing volume performance, which is more likely to occur when sessions exceed 45 min and where the fast duration is ≥ 8 h. Further, the effect is moderated by the number of maximal effort sets completed, but not the load used or CHO dose. Post-exercise blood lactate is elevated following CHO ingestion but may come at the expense of an extended time-course of recovery due to the additional training volume performed. Post-exercise blood glucose is elevated when CHO is ingested during RT, but it is presently unclear if it has an impact on RT performance.
The original protocol was prospectively registered on the Open Science Framework (Project identifier: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/HJFBW ).
碳水化合物（CHO）的摄入对耐力训练表现具有促进作用。对于急性 CHO 摄入对阻力训练（RT）表现的影响，人们了解较少，文献中的结果也存在争议。
本系统评价和荟萃分析旨在确定 CHO 摄入是否以及在何种程度上影响 RT 表现。
检索了 PubMed、MEDLINE、SportDiscus、Scopus 和 CINAHL 数据库，以获取以英文撰写的同行评审文章，这些文章采用交叉设计评估了 CHO 摄入对健康人类参与者 RT 表现结果（例如肌肉力量、功率和耐力）的急性影响，与安慰剂或仅用水条件相比。使用 Cochrane 协作的偏倚风险工具和 GRADE 方法分别评估偏倚风险和证据确定性。对总训练课程量和运动后血乳酸和血糖进行随机效应荟萃分析。对分类（课程和禁食持续时间）和连续（最大努力集的总数、使用的负荷和 CHO 剂量）协变量分别进行亚组荟萃分析和荟萃回归。
符合纳入标准的 21 项研究（n=226 名参与者）。汇总结果表明，CHO 摄入与安慰剂或对照相比，在总课程训练量方面具有显著益处（标准化均数差[SMD]=0.61）。亚组分析显示，CHO 摄入在课程持续时间超过 45 分钟（SMD=1.02）和禁食持续时间为 8 小时或更长时间（SMD=0.39）时具有显著益处。汇总结果显示，CHO 摄入后血乳酸（SMD=0.58）和血糖（SMD=2.36）升高。荟萃回归表明，最大努力集的数量而不是 CHO 剂量或使用的负荷，调节了 CHO 摄入对 RT 表现的影响（β系数[b]=0.11）。CHO 剂量不会调节运动后乳酸的积累，最大努力集的完成数量、使用的负荷以及 CHO 剂量也不会调节 CHO 摄入对运动后血糖的影响。
CHO 摄入对 RT 表现具有促进作用，通过增加训练量来提高表现，这种效果更可能在课程持续时间超过 45 分钟且禁食时间≥8 小时时发生。此外，效果还受到完成的最大努力集数量的调节，但不受使用的负荷或 CHO 剂量的调节。CHO 摄入后血乳酸升高，但由于进行了额外的训练量，可能会延长恢复时间。RT 期间摄入 CHO 后血糖升高，但目前尚不清楚这是否会对 RT 表现产生影响。
原始方案在开放科学框架（项目标识符：https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/HJFBW）上进行了前瞻性注册。
