Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210098, China; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
Environ Int. 2022 Sep;167:107405. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107405. Epub 2022 Jul 11.
To avoid the harmful effects of UV radiation, benzophenone-type UV filters (BPs) are widely used in personal care products and other synthetic products. Biomonitoring studies have shown the presence of BPs in various human biological samples, raising health concerns. However, there is a paucity of data on the global human exposure to this group of contaminants. In this study, we compiled data on the body burden of BPs along with the possible exposure routes and biotransformation pathways. BPs can easily penetrate the skin barrier and thus, they can be absorbed through the skin. In the human body, BPs can undergo Phase I (mainly demethylation and hydroxylation) and Phase II (mainly glucuronidation and sulfation) biotransformations. From a total of 158 studies, most of the studies are related to urine (concentration up to 92.7 mg L), followed by those reported in blood (up to 0.9 mg L) and milk (up to 0.8 mg L). Among BPs, benzophenone-1 and benzophenone-3 are the most commonly detected congeners. The body burden of BPs is associated with various factors, including the country of residence, lifestyle, income, education level, and ethnicity. The presence of BPs in maternal urine (up to 1.1 mg L), placenta (up to 9.8 ng g), and amniotic fluid (up to 15.7 μg L) suggests potential risks of prenatal exposure. In addition, transplacental transfer of BPs is possible, as demonstrated by their presence in maternal serum and cord serum. The possible association of BPs exposure and health effects was discussed. Future human biomonitoring studies and studies on the potential health effects are warranted. Overall, this review provides a summary of the global human exposure to BPs and can serve as supporting evidence to guide usage in order to protect humans from being exposed to BPs.
为了避免紫外线辐射的有害影响，二苯甲酮型紫外线滤光剂 (BPs) 被广泛应用于个人护理产品和其他合成产品中。生物监测研究表明，各种人体生物样本中都存在 BPs，这引发了人们对健康的担忧。然而，目前关于全球人类接触这组污染物的数据还很少。在这项研究中，我们收集了有关 BPs 体内负荷以及可能的暴露途径和生物转化途径的数据。BPs 很容易穿透皮肤屏障，因此可以通过皮肤被吸收。在人体中，BPs 可以经历 I 相（主要是脱甲基和羟化）和 II 相（主要是葡萄糖醛酸化和硫酸化）生物转化。在总共 158 项研究中，大多数研究与尿液（浓度高达 92.7mg/L）有关，其次是血液（高达 0.9mg/L）和母乳（高达 0.8mg/L）。在 BPs 中，二苯甲酮-1 和二苯甲酮-3 是最常见的检测同系物。BPs 的体内负荷与多种因素有关，包括居住国家、生活方式、收入、教育水平和种族。母体尿液（高达 1.1mg/L）、胎盘（高达 9.8ng/g）和羊水（高达 15.7μg/L）中存在 BPs 表明存在产前暴露的潜在风险。此外，BPs 可能通过胎盘转移，因为它们存在于母体血清和脐带血清中。还讨论了 BPs 暴露与健康影响的可能关联。未来需要进行人类生物监测研究和关于潜在健康影响的研究。总的来说，本综述提供了全球人类接触 BPs 的概述，并可作为指导使用的支持证据，以保护人类免受 BPs 的暴露。
