Anti- Probiotics: Latest Mechanistic Insights.

The genus is the leading cause of human gastroenteritis, with the consumption of contaminated poultry meat as the main route of infection. Probiotic bacteria, such as , , Nissle, and species, have a great immunomodulatory capacity and exhibit antipathogenic effects through various molecular mechanisms. Reducing levels in livestock animals, such as poultry, will have a substantial benefit to humans as it will reduce disease transmissibility through the food chain. Moreover, probiotic-based strategies might attenuate intestinal inflammatory processes, which consequently reduce the severity of disease progression. At a molecular level, probiotics can also negatively impact on the functionality of various virulence and survival factors (e.g., adhesion, invasion), and on the associated colonization proteins involved in epithelial translocation. The current review describes recent , , and preclinical findings on probiotic therapies, aiming to reduce counts in poultry and reduce the pathogen's virulence in the avian and human host. Moreover, we focused in particular on probiotics with known anti- activity seeking to understand the biological mechanisms involved in their mode of action.