Ibraheem Duaa R, Hussein Nehia N, Sulaiman Ghassan M, Mohammed Hamdoon A, Khan Riaz A, Al Rugaie Osamah
Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Aug 16;12(16):2808. doi: 10.3390/nano12162808.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have demonstrated numerous physicochemical, biological, and functional properties suitable for biomedical applications, including antibacterial and drug carrier properties. In the present study, the antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (CIP), was loaded onto AgNPs, which were synthesized via the chemical reduction method, thereby enhancing CIP's antibacterial activity against Gram-negative ( and ) and Gram-positive () bacterial strains. Polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG) was used to prepare an AgNPs-PEG conjugate with enhanced stability and to act as the linker between CIP and AgNPs, to produce the novel nanocomposite, AgNPs-PEG-CIP. The prepared AgNPs and their conjugates were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential analysis, and dynamic light scattering techniques. The inhibitory activity of AgNPs and their conjugates on the growths of pathogenic bacteria was assessed using the well-diffusion method. The results showed the enhanced antibacterial effects of AgNPs-CIP compared to CIP alone. The AgNPs-PEG-CIP nanocomposite showed excellent inhibitory effects against bacterial isolates, with its inhibition zones diameters reaching 39, 36, and 40 mm in , , and , respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of fogNPs and their conjugates and their antibiofilm effects were also determined. The antioxidant potentials of AgNPs and their conjugates, tested via their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability, showed that the activity increased with increasing AgNPs concentration and the addition of the PEG and/or CIP. Overall, according to the results obtained in the present study, the new nanocomposite, AgNPs-PEG-CIP, showed the highest antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activity against the pathogenic bacteria tested, compared to CIP alone. The preparation has high clinical potential for prospective use as an antibacterial agent.
银纳米颗粒（AgNPs）已展现出众多适用于生物医学应用的物理化学、生物学和功能特性，包括抗菌和药物载体特性。在本研究中，抗生素环丙沙星（CIP）被负载到通过化学还原法合成的AgNPs上，从而增强了CIP对革兰氏阴性菌（ ）和革兰氏阳性菌（ ）菌株的抗菌活性。聚乙二醇-400（PEG）用于制备具有增强稳定性的AgNPs-PEG共轭物，并作为CIP与AgNPs之间的连接体，以生产新型纳米复合材料AgNPs-PEG-CIP。通过紫外可见分光光度法、傅里叶变换红外光谱法、X射线衍射、带有能量色散X射线光谱的场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、zeta电位分析和动态光散射技术对制备的AgNPs及其共轭物进行了表征。使用平板扩散法评估了AgNPs及其共轭物对病原菌生长的抑制活性。结果表明，与单独的CIP相比，AgNPs-CIP具有增强的抗菌效果。AgNPs-PEG-CIP纳米复合材料对细菌分离株显示出优异的抑制效果，其在 、 和 中的抑菌圈直径分别达到39毫米、36毫米和40毫米。还测定了AgNPs及其共轭物的最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度以及它们的抗生物膜效果。通过其1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）清除能力测试的AgNPs及其共轭物的抗氧化潜力表明，活性随着AgNPs浓度的增加以及PEG和/或CIP的添加而增加。总体而言，根据本研究获得的结果，与单独的CIP相比，新型纳米复合材料AgNPs-PEG-CIP对测试的病原菌显示出最高的抗菌、抗生物膜和抗氧化活性。该制剂作为抗菌剂具有很高的临床应用潜力。
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