Harish Vancha, Ansari Md Mustafiz, Tewari Devesh, Gaur Manish, Yadav Awadh Bihari, García-Betancourt María-Luisa, Abdel-Haleem Fatehy M, Bechelany Mikhael, Barhoum Ahmed
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India.
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Sep 16;12(18):3226. doi: 10.3390/nano12183226.
Nanomaterials are materials with one or more nanoscale dimensions (internal or external) (i.e., 1 to 100 nm). The nanomaterial shape, size, porosity, surface chemistry, and composition are controlled at the nanoscale, and this offers interesting properties compared with bulk materials. This review describes how nanomaterials are classified, their fabrication, functionalization techniques, and growth-controlled mechanisms. First, the history of nanomaterials is summarized and then the different classification methods, based on their dimensionality (0-3D), composition (carbon, inorganic, organic, and hybrids), origin (natural, incidental, engineered, bioinspired), crystal phase (single phase, multiphase), and dispersion state (dispersed or aggregated), are presented. Then, the synthesis methods are discussed and classified in function of the starting material (bottom-up and top-down), reaction phase (gas, plasma, liquid, and solid), and nature of the dispersing forces (mechanical, physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological). Finally, the challenges in synthesizing nanomaterials for research and commercial use are highlighted.
纳米材料是一种具有一个或多个纳米级尺寸（内部或外部）（即1至100纳米）的材料。纳米材料的形状、尺寸、孔隙率、表面化学性质和组成在纳米尺度上得到控制，与块状材料相比，这赋予了它们有趣的特性。本综述描述了纳米材料的分类方式、制备方法、功能化技术以及生长控制机制。首先，总结了纳米材料的历史，然后介绍了基于其维度（0 - 3D）、组成（碳、无机、有机和杂化材料）、来源（天然、偶然产生、人工合成、仿生）、晶相（单相、多相）以及分散状态（分散或聚集）的不同分类方法。接着，根据起始材料（自下而上和自上而下）、反应相（气体、等离子体、液体和固体）以及分散力的性质（机械、物理、化学、物理化学和生物）对合成方法进行了讨论和分类。最后，强调了在合成用于研究和商业用途的纳米材料方面所面临的挑战。
