Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University (Formerly Ryerson University), Toronto, Canada.
J Gambl Stud. 2023 Jun;39(2):813-828. doi: 10.1007/s10899-022-10161-3. Epub 2022 Oct 7.
Previous research has identified attentional biases towards addiction-related stimuli, including gambling-related stimuli. Eye-tracking is considered the gold standard methodology for measuring attentional biases, yet no review to date has examined its use in measuring gambling-related attentional biases. This systematic review synthesized the literature using eye-tracking to examine attentional biases among people who gamble. We reviewed articles from Web of Science and PubMed that were published from 1990 to 2021. A total of 11 articles were included, with sample sizes ranging from 38 to 173 participants. Of these studies, seven examined attentional biases for gambling-related visual stimuli. These seven studies provided support that gambling can result in the development of an attentional bias for gambling-related stimuli. With respect to correlates of gambling-related attentional biases, there were mixed results. Some studies identified significant positive associations between gambling-related attentional biases and psychosocial variables, such as problem gambling severity, gambling expectancies, gambling cravings, gambling motives, depressive symptom severity, alcohol use severity, daily stress, affective impulsivity, and immersion. Four studies examined attentional biases for responsible gambling messaging and advertisements, finding that both people who do and do not gamble attend less to responsible gambling messaging compared to other types of information such as the betting odds. Research using eye-tracking to examine attentional biases among people who gamble is in its infancy. Yet, the preliminary results support the identification of attentional biases using the gold-standard methodology. Further studies are needed to examine the correlates and potential clinical utility of assessing gambling-related attentional biases using eye-tracking.
先前的研究已经确定了对成瘾相关刺激（包括赌博相关刺激）的注意力偏向。眼动追踪被认为是测量注意力偏向的黄金标准方法，但迄今为止，尚无研究审查其在测量赌博相关注意力偏向中的应用。本系统综述使用眼动追踪综合了有关赌博者注意力偏向的文献。我们从 Web of Science 和 PubMed 检索了 1990 年至 2021 年发表的文章。共纳入 11 篇文章，样本量从 38 到 173 名参与者不等。其中 7 项研究检验了与赌博相关的视觉刺激的注意力偏向。这七项研究支持了赌博可能导致对赌博相关刺激产生注意力偏向的观点。关于赌博相关注意力偏向的相关性，结果存在差异。一些研究发现，赌博相关注意力偏向与心理社会变量（如赌博严重程度、赌博期望、赌博渴望、赌博动机、抑郁症状严重程度、酒精使用严重程度、日常压力、情感冲动和沉浸感）之间存在显著的正相关。四项研究检验了对负责任赌博信息和广告的注意力偏向，发现与投注赔率等其他类型的信息相比，赌徒和不赌徒都较少关注负责任赌博的信息。使用眼动追踪来检验赌博者注意力偏向的研究还处于起步阶段。然而，初步结果支持使用黄金标准方法识别注意力偏向。需要进一步研究来检验使用眼动追踪评估赌博相关注意力偏向的相关性和潜在临床效用。
