Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
Department of Microbiology, Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
Front Immunol. 2022 Sep 27;13:971048. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.971048. eCollection 2022.
Obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of body fat and is associated with an increased risk of developing major health problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke. There are clear sexual dimorphisms in the epidemiology, pathophysiology and sequelae of obesity and its accompanying metabolic disorders, with females often better protected compared to males. This protection has predominantly been attributed to the female sex hormone estrogen and differences in fat distribution. More recently, the sexual dimorphisms of obesity have also been attributed to the differences in the composition and function of the gut microbiota, and the intestinal immune system. This review will comprehensively summarize the pre-clinical and clinical evidence for these sexual dimorphisms and discuss the interplay between sex hormones, intestinal inflammation and the gut microbiome in obesity. Major gaps and limitations of this rapidly growing area of research will also be highlighted in this review.
肥胖被定义为体内脂肪的过度积累，与心血管疾病、糖尿病和中风等主要健康问题的风险增加有关。肥胖及其伴随的代谢紊乱在流行病学、病理生理学和后果方面存在明显的性别二态性，与男性相比，女性通常受到更好的保护。这种保护主要归因于女性性激素雌激素和脂肪分布的差异。最近，肥胖的性别二态性也归因于肠道微生物组和肠道免疫系统组成和功能的差异。本综述将全面总结这些性别二态性的临床前和临床证据，并讨论性激素、肠道炎症和肠道微生物组在肥胖中的相互作用。本综述还将突出该快速发展研究领域的主要差距和局限性。
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