Alzola-Aldamizetxebarria Saioa, Fernández-Méndez Laura, Padro Daniel, Ruíz-Cabello Jesús, Ramos-Cabrer Pedro
Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
ACS Omega. 2022 Oct 13;7(42):36905-36917. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03549. eCollection 2022 Oct 25.
The development of imaging technologies allowing noninvasive observation through solid bodies has represented a breakthrough in medical diagnosis, facilitating the comprehension of biomolecular events underlying disease and the development of more efficient therapeutic approaches. Some of the traditional limitations of these techniques are nowadays fading away thanks to the combination of imaging with nanotechnology, allowing the development of novel functional biomaterials that increase the sensitivity of detection, enable sensitivity to specific targets, and facilitate the combination of therapeutic and diagnostic functions (theragnosis) with molecular platforms functioning simultaneously as imaging probes and drug delivery carriers. The design of such functional biomaterials requires a comprehensive understanding of the principles that govern the generation of signal and modulation of contrast for a given imaging modality to exploit its capabilities to the maximal level. In this sense, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that presents a complex relationship between the detected signal and the physical-chemical properties of its sourcing matter, allowing the generation of multiple image contrasts. Thus, while magnetic resonance imaging is a highly versatile imaging modality, it requires specific knowledge of its physical principles to take advantage of all of its possibilities. This work reviews the origin of the image signal and contrast in MRI and the concepts of relaxometry and MRI contrast agents.
能够透过实体进行非侵入性观察的成像技术的发展，代表了医学诊断领域的一项突破，有助于理解疾病背后的生物分子事件，并推动更高效治疗方法的开发。如今，由于成像技术与纳米技术相结合，这些技术的一些传统局限性正在逐渐消失，从而能够开发新型功能性生物材料，提高检测灵敏度，实现对特定靶点的敏感性，并促进治疗与诊断功能（诊疗一体化）的结合，使分子平台同时发挥成像探针和药物递送载体的作用。设计此类功能性生物材料需要全面了解给定成像模态下信号产生和对比度调制的原理，以便最大限度地发挥其功能。从这个意义上讲，磁共振成像（MRI）是一种在检测信号与其源物质的物理化学性质之间呈现复杂关系的技术，能够产生多种图像对比度。因此，尽管磁共振成像是一种高度通用的成像模态，但要充分利用其所有可能性，需要对其物理原理有专门的了解。本文综述了MRI中图像信号和对比度的起源以及弛豫测量法和MRI造影剂的概念。
