Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
Cells. 2023 Jan 12;12(2):292. doi: 10.3390/cells12020292.
Cancer cachexia is defined as unintentional weight loss secondary to neoplasia and is associated with poor prognosis and outcomes. Cancer cachexia associated weight loss affects both lean tissue (i.e., skeletal muscle) and adipose tissue. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate from multivesicular bodies that contain intentionally loaded biomolecular cargo. Exosome cargo includes proteins, lipids, mitochondrial components, and nucleic acids. The cargo carried in exosomes is thought to alter cell signaling when it enters into recipient cells. Virtually every cell type secretes exosomes and exosomes are known to be present in nearly every biofluid. Exosomes alter muscle and adipose tissue metabolism and biological processes, including macrophage polarization and apoptosis which contribute to the development of the cachexia phenotype. This has led to an interest in the role of tumor cell derived exosomes and their potential role as biomarkers of cancer cell development as well as their contribution to cachexia and disease progression. In this review, we highlight published findings that have studied the effects of tumor derived exosomes (and extracellular vesicles) and their cargo on the progression of cancer cachexia. We will focus on the direct effects of tumor derived exosomes and their cellular cross talk on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, the primary sites of weight loss due to cancer cachexia.
癌症恶病质是指由于肿瘤而导致的非有意的体重下降，与不良预后和结局相关。癌症恶病质相关的体重下降会影响到瘦组织（即骨骼肌）和脂肪组织。外泌体是起源于多泡体的细胞外囊泡，其中包含有意装载的生物分子货物。外泌体货物包括蛋白质、脂质、线粒体成分和核酸。当外泌体进入受体细胞时，其携带的货物被认为会改变细胞信号。几乎每种细胞类型都会分泌外泌体，而且已知外泌体存在于几乎每种生物流体中。外泌体改变肌肉和脂肪组织的代谢和生物学过程，包括巨噬细胞极化和细胞凋亡，这些过程导致恶病质表型的发展。这导致人们对外泌体和它们作为肿瘤细胞发展的生物标志物的潜在作用以及它们对恶病质和疾病进展的贡献产生了兴趣。在这篇综述中，我们强调了已经研究过肿瘤来源的外泌体（和细胞外囊泡）及其货物对癌症恶病质进展的影响的已发表的研究结果。我们将重点讨论肿瘤来源的外泌体及其细胞间通讯对骨骼肌和脂肪组织的直接影响，这是癌症恶病质导致体重下降的主要部位。
