Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium.
Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, ZMB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 Jan 5;23(2):613. doi: 10.3390/s23020613.
This article provides an overview on the broad topic of biogenic amines (BAs) that are a persistent concern in the context of food quality and safety. They emerge mainly from the decomposition of amino acids in protein-rich food due to enzymes excreted by pathogenic bacteria that infect food under inappropriate storage conditions. While there are food authority regulations on the maximum allowed amounts of, e.g., histamine in fish, sensitive individuals can still suffer from medical conditions triggered by biogenic amines, and mass outbreaks of scombroid poisoning are reported regularly. We review first the classical techniques used for selective BA detection and quantification in analytical laboratories and focus then on sensor-based solutions aiming at on-site BA detection throughout the food chain. There are receptor-free chemosensors for BA detection and a vastly growing range of bio- and biomimetic sensors that employ receptors to enable selective molecular recognition. Regarding the receptors, we address enzymes, antibodies, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), and aptamers as the most recent class of BA receptors. Furthermore, we address the underlying transducer technologies, including optical, electrochemical, mass-sensitive, and thermal-based sensing principles. The review concludes with an assessment on the persistent limitations of BA sensors, a technological forecast, and thoughts on short-term solutions.
本文概述了生物胺（BAs）这一广泛的主题，生物胺是食品质量和安全方面一个持续存在的关注点。它们主要源于富含蛋白质的食物中氨基酸的分解，这些氨基酸是由于在不当储存条件下感染食物的病原菌所分泌的酶引起的。尽管食品管理机构对鱼中组胺等物质的最大允许含量有规定，但敏感人群仍可能因生物胺引发疾病，并且经常有鲭鱼中毒的大规模爆发报告。我们首先回顾了用于分析实验室中选择性 BA 检测和定量的经典技术，然后重点介绍了基于传感器的解决方案，旨在在整个食品链中进行现场 BA 检测。有用于 BA 检测的无受体化学传感器，以及越来越多的生物和仿生传感器，它们使用受体来实现选择性分子识别。关于受体，我们将酶、抗体、分子印迹聚合物（MIPs）和适体作为最新的 BA 受体类别进行了讨论。此外，我们还讨论了潜在的换能器技术，包括光学、电化学、质量敏感和热感测原理。本文最后对 BA 传感器的持续局限性进行了评估，并对技术前景和短期解决方案进行了思考。
