Methanol extract of improves type 2 diabetes mellitus through modifying intestinal flora.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant risk to human health. Previous research demonstrated that possesses good hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. In this research, we aim to investigate the potential treatment outcomes of for T2DM and discuss its favourable influences on the intestinal flora. The chemical composition of methanol extracts (IO) was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q extractive-mass spectrometry. IO significantly improved the blood glucose level, blood lipid level, and inflammatory factor level in T2DM mice, and effectively alleviated the morphological changes of colon, liver and renal. Acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid levels in the feces of the IO group were restored. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the intestinal flora composition of mice in the IO group was significantly modulated. showed significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects with evident anti-inflammatory activity and improved the morphological structure of various organs and cells. increased the levels of short-chain fatty acids in the environment by increasing the population of certain bacteria that produce acid, such as and , which are beneficial to improve intestinal flora disorders and maintain intestinal flora homeostasis. Meanwhile, further alleviated T2DM symptoms in db/db mice by down-regulating the high number of microorganisms that are dangerous, such as and and up-regulating the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as and . Therefore, this study provides a new perspective for the treatment of T2DM by demonstrating that drug and food homologous active substances could relieve inflammation regulating intestinal flora.