National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Int J Drug Policy. 2023 Mar;113:103976. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103976. Epub 2023 Feb 16.
BACKGROUND: Changes to drug markets can affect drug use and related harms. We aimed to describe market trends of heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy in Australia following the introduction of COVID-19 pandemic-associated restrictions. METHODS: Australians residing in capital cities who regularly inject drugs (n ∼= 900 each year) or regularly use ecstasy and/or other illicit stimulants (n ∼= 800 each year) participated in annual interviews 2014-2022. We used self-reported market indicators (price, availability, and purity) for heroin, crystal methamphetamine, cocaine, and ecstasy crystal to estimate generalised additive models. Observations from the 2014-2019 surveys were used to establish the pre-pandemic trend; 2020, 2021 and 2022 observations were considered immediate, short-term and longer-term changes since the introduction of pandemic restrictions. RESULTS: Immediate impacts on market indicators were observed for heroin and methamphetamine in 2020 relative to the 2014-2019 trend; price per cap/point increased (β: A$9.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.25-17.1 and β: A$40.3, 95% CI: 33.1-47.5, respectively), while perceived availability (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for 'easy'/'very easy' to obtain: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.24-0.59 and aOR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03-0.25, respectively) and perceived purity (aOR for 'high' purity: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.23-0.54 and aOR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.20-0.54, respectively) decreased. There was no longer evidence for change in 2021 or 2022 relative to the 2014-2019 trend. Changes to ecstasy and cocaine markets were most evident in 2022 relative to the pre-pandemic trend: price per gram increased (β: A$92.8, 95% CI: 61.6-124 and β: A$24.3, 95% CI: 7.93-40.6, respectively) and perceived purity decreased (aOR for 'high purity': 0.18, 95% CI: 0.09-0.35 and 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36-0.90, respectively), while ecstasy was also perceived as less easy to obtain (aOR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.09-0.35). CONCLUSION: There were distinct disruptions to illicit drug markets in Australia after the COVID-19 pandemic began; the timing and magnitude varied by drug.
背景：药物市场的变化可能会影响药物使用和相关危害。我们旨在描述澳大利亚在 COVID-19 大流行相关限制措施实施后，海洛因、冰毒、可卡因和摇头丸的市场趋势。 方法：每年有 900 名左右经常注射毒品的澳大利亚首都城市居民（∼= 900 名）或经常使用摇头丸和/或其他非法兴奋剂的澳大利亚首都城市居民（∼= 800 名）参加年度访谈。我们使用海洛因、冰毒、可卡因和摇头丸晶体的自我报告市场指标（价格、可及性和纯度）来估计广义加性模型。2014-2019 年调查的观察结果用于建立大流行前的趋势；2020 年、2021 年和 2022 年的观察结果被认为是自大流行限制措施实施以来的即时、短期和长期变化。 结果：与 2014-2019 年的趋势相比，2020 年海洛因和冰毒的市场指标立即受到影响；每单位/点的价格上涨（β：9.69 澳元，95%置信区间 [CI]：2.25-17.1 和 β：40.3 澳元，95% CI：33.1-47.5），而感知的可及性（“容易”/“非常容易”获得的调整后的优势比[aOR]：0.38，95%CI：0.24-0.59 和 aOR：0.08，95%CI：0.03-0.25）和感知的纯度（“高”纯度的 aOR：0.36，95%CI：0.23-0.54 和 aOR：0.33，95%CI：0.20-0.54）降低。与 2014-2019 年的趋势相比，2021 年或 2022 年没有证据表明发生了变化。与大流行前的趋势相比，摇头丸和可卡因市场的变化在 2022 年最为明显：每克价格上涨（β：92.8 澳元，95%CI：61.6-124 和 β：24.3 澳元，95%CI：7.93-40.6），感知纯度下降（“高纯度”的 aOR：0.18，95%CI：0.09-0.35 和 0.57，95%CI：0.36-0.90），而摇头丸也被认为更容易获得（aOR：0.18，95%CI：0.09-0.35）。 结论：澳大利亚 COVID-19 大流行开始后，非法毒品市场出现了明显的中断；时间和规模因药物而异。
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