Abdelaziz Ahmed G, Nageh Hassan, Abdo Sara M, Abdalla Mohga S, Amer Asmaa A, Abdal-Hay Abdalla, Barhoum Ahmed
Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt.
Nanotechnology Research Centre (NTRC), The British University in Egypt, Cairo 11837, Egypt.
Bioengineering (Basel). 2023 Feb 3;10(2):204. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10020204.
Over the last few years, biopolymers have attracted great interest in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to the great diversity of their chemical, mechanical, and physical properties for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds. This review is devoted to recent advances in synthetic and natural polymeric 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) and regenerative therapies. The review comprehensively discusses the implications of biological macromolecules, structure, and composition of polymeric scaffolds used in BTE. Various approaches to fabricating 3D BTE scaffolds are discussed, including solvent casting and particle leaching, freeze-drying, thermally induced phase separation, gas foaming, electrospinning, and sol-gel techniques. Rapid prototyping technologies such as stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and 3D bioprinting are also covered. The immunomodulatory roles of polymeric scaffolds utilized for BTE applications are discussed. In addition, the features and challenges of 3D polymer scaffolds fabricated using advanced additive manufacturing technologies (rapid prototyping) are addressed and compared to conventional subtractive manufacturing techniques. Finally, the challenges of applying scaffold-based BTE treatments in practice are discussed in-depth.
在过去几年中，生物聚合物因其在制造三维支架方面具有化学、机械和物理性质的巨大多样性，而在组织工程和再生医学领域引起了极大关注。本综述致力于骨组织工程（BTE）和再生疗法中合成和天然聚合物三维支架的最新进展。该综述全面讨论了用于BTE的聚合物支架的生物大分子、结构和组成的影响。讨论了制造三维BTE支架的各种方法，包括溶剂浇铸和颗粒沥滤、冷冻干燥、热致相分离、气体发泡、静电纺丝和溶胶-凝胶技术。还涵盖了立体光刻、熔融沉积建模、选择性激光烧结和三维生物打印等快速成型技术。讨论了用于BTE应用的聚合物支架的免疫调节作用。此外，阐述了使用先进增材制造技术（快速成型）制造的三维聚合物支架的特点和挑战，并与传统减材制造技术进行了比较。最后，深入讨论了在实践中应用基于支架的BTE治疗所面临的挑战。
