Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 03100, Mexico.
Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
Cells. 2023 Feb 6;12(4):525. doi: 10.3390/cells12040525.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Despite advances in diagnosis and prognosis, distal metastases occur in these patients in up to 15% of cases within 3 years of diagnosis. The main organs in which BC metastasises are the bones, lungs, liver, and brain. Unfortunately, 90% of metastatic patients will die, making this an incurable disease. Researchers are therefore seeking biomarkers for diagnosis and metastasis in different organs. Optimally, such biomarkers should be easy to detect using, preferably, non-invasive methods, such as using miRNA molecules, which are small molecules of about 22 nt that have as their main function the post-transcriptional regulation of genes. Furthermore, due to their uncomplicated detection and reproducibility in the laboratory, they are a tool of complementary interest for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. With this in mind, in this review, we focus on describing the most current studies that propose using miRNA independently as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prediction of brain, lung, liver, and bone metastases, as well as to open a window of opportunity to deepen this area of study to eventually use miRNAs molecules in clinical practice for the benefit of BC patients.
乳腺癌是女性最常见的癌症。尽管在诊断和预后方面取得了进展，但在诊断后 3 年内，多达 15%的患者仍会出现远端转移。BC 转移的主要器官是骨骼、肺部、肝脏和大脑。不幸的是，90%的转移性患者会死亡，这使其成为一种不可治愈的疾病。因此，研究人员正在寻找不同器官的诊断和转移的生物标志物。理想情况下，此类生物标志物应易于使用，最好是使用非侵入性方法进行检测，例如使用 miRNA 分子，miRNA 是约 22nt 的小分子，其主要功能是对基因进行转录后调控。此外，由于它们在实验室中的检测简单且可重现，因此是诊断、预后和治疗的一种互补性工具。有鉴于此，在本次综述中，我们重点描述了目前提出将 miRNA 独立用作脑、肺、肝和骨转移的潜在生物标志物的最新研究，以期为该研究领域提供机会，最终将 miRNA 分子应用于临床实践，造福于 BC 患者。
