Burde Jed, Bloch Evan M, Kelly Jill R, Krause Peter J
Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21217, USA.
Pathogens. 2023 Apr 3;12(4):553. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12040553.
is an emerging pathogen that causes a febrile illness and is transmitted by the same hard-bodied (ixodid) ticks that transmit several other pathogens, including species that cause Lyme disease. was discovered in 1994 in ticks in Japan. It was first reported in humans in 2011 in Russia. It has subsequently been reported in North America, Europe, and Asia. infection is widespread in ticks in the northeastern, northern Midwestern, and far western United States and in Canada. In endemic areas, human seroprevalence averages from 1 to 3% of the population, compared with 15 to 20% for . The most common clinical manifestations of infection are fever, fatigue, headache, chills, myalgia, arthralgia, and nausea. Complications include relapsing fever and rarely, meningoencephalitis. Because clinical manifestations are nonspecific, diagnosis requires laboratory confirmation by PCR or blood smear examination. Antibiotics are effective in clearing infection and are the same as those used for Lyme disease, including doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, penicillin, and ceftriaxone. Preventive measures include avoiding areas where -infected ticks are found, landscape management, and personal protective strategies such as protective clothing, use of acaricides, and tick checks with rapid removal of embedded ticks.
是一种新兴病原体，可引发发热性疾病，通过传播包括引起莱姆病的病原体在内的其他几种病原体的同一种硬蜱传播。1994年在日本的蜱虫中被发现。2011年在俄罗斯首次报告了人类感染病例。随后在北美、欧洲和亚洲均有报告。在美国东北部、中西部北部和远西部以及加拿大的蜱虫中，感染广泛存在。在流行地区，人群中感染的血清阳性率平均为1%至3%，而莱姆病为15%至20%。感染最常见的临床表现为发热、疲劳、头痛、寒战、肌痛、关节痛和恶心。并发症包括回归热，很少发生脑膜脑炎。由于临床表现不具特异性，诊断需要通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）或血液涂片检查进行实验室确认。抗生素对清除感染有效，与用于治疗莱姆病的抗生素相同，包括强力霉素、四环素、红霉素、青霉素和头孢曲松。预防措施包括避免前往发现感染蜱虫的地区、景观管理以及个人防护策略，如穿防护服、使用杀螨剂以及进行蜱虫检查并迅速清除嵌入的蜱虫。
