NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
Cells. 2023 May 17;12(10):1416. doi: 10.3390/cells12101416.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as ectosomes and exosomes have gained attention as promising natural carriers for drug delivery. Exosomes, which range from 30 to 100 nm in diameter, possess a lipid bilayer and are secreted by various cells. Due to their high biocompatibility, stability, and low immunogenicity, exosomes are favored as cargo carriers. The lipid bilayer membrane of exosomes also offers protection against cargo degradation, making them a desirable candidate for drug delivery. However, loading cargo into exosomes remains to be a challenge. Despite various strategies such as incubation, electroporation, sonication, extrusion, freeze-thaw cycling, and transfection that have been developed to facilitate cargo loading, inadequate efficiency still persists. This review offers an overview of current cargo delivery strategies using exosomes and summarizes recent approaches for loading small-molecule, nucleic acid, and protein drugs into exosomes. With insights from these studies, we provide ideas for more efficient and effective delivery of drug molecules by using exosomes.
细胞外囊泡（EVs），如外泌体和胞外体，作为药物递送的有前途的天然载体引起了关注。外泌体的直径在 30 至 100nm 之间，具有脂质双层，由各种细胞分泌。由于其高生物相容性、稳定性和低免疫原性，外泌体被视为理想的货物载体。外泌体的脂质双层膜还提供了对货物降解的保护，使其成为药物递送的理想候选物。然而，将货物装入外泌体仍然是一个挑战。尽管已经开发了各种策略，如孵育、电穿孔、超声处理、挤压、冻融循环和转染，以促进货物加载，但效率仍然不足。本综述概述了使用外泌体的当前货物递送策略，并总结了将小分子、核酸和蛋白质药物加载到外泌体中的最新方法。通过这些研究的见解，我们为使用外泌体更有效地递送药物分子提供了思路。
