Bartsch Madeline, Hahn Andreas, Berkemeyer Shoma
NutritionLab, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Osnabrueck University of Applied Sciences, Am Kruempel 31, 49090 Osnabrueck, Germany.
Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
Metabolites. 2023 Dec 2;13(12):1182. doi: 10.3390/metabo13121182.
Advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have propelled research into the human microbiome and its link to metabolic health. We explore microbiome analysis methods, specifically emphasizing metabolomics, how dietary choices impact the production of microbial metabolites, providing an overview of studies examining the connection between enterotypes and diet, and thus, improvement of personalized dietary recommendations. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate constitute more than 95% of the collective pool of short-chain fatty acids. Conflicting data on acetate's effects may result from its dynamic signaling, which can vary depending on physiological conditions and metabolic phenotypes. Human studies suggest that propionate has overall anti-obesity effects due to its well-documented chemistry, cellular signaling mechanisms, and various clinical benefits. Butyrate, similar to propionate, has the ability to reduce obesity by stimulating the release of appetite-suppressing hormones and promoting the synthesis of leptin. Tryptophan affects systemic hormone secretion, with indole stimulating the release of GLP-1, which impacts insulin secretion, appetite suppression, and gastric emptying. Bile acids, synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and subsequently modified by gut bacteria, play an essential role in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins, but they also interact directly with intestinal microbiota and their metabolites. One study using statistical methods identified primarily two groupings of enterotypes and . The -dominated enterotype, P-type, in humans correlates with vegetarians, high-fiber and carbohydrate-rich diets, and traditional diets. Conversely, individuals who consume diets rich in animal fats and proteins, typical in Western-style diets, often exhibit the Bacteroides-dominated, B-type, enterotype. The P-type showcases efficient hydrolytic enzymes for plant fiber degradation but has limited lipid and protein fermentation capacity. Conversely, the B-type features specialized enzymes tailored for the degradation of animal-derived carbohydrates and proteins, showcasing an enhanced saccharolytic and proteolytic potential. Generally, models excel at predictions but often struggle to fully elucidate why certain substances yield varied responses. These studies provide valuable insights into the potential for personalized dietary recommendations based on enterotypes.
高通量DNA测序技术的进步推动了对人类微生物组及其与代谢健康关系的研究。我们探讨了微生物组分析方法，特别强调代谢组学，饮食选择如何影响微生物代谢产物的产生，概述了研究肠型与饮食之间联系的研究，从而改进个性化饮食建议。乙酸、丙酸和丁酸占短链脂肪酸总量的95%以上。关于乙酸作用的相互矛盾的数据可能源于其动态信号传导，这可能因生理条件和代谢表型而异。人体研究表明，丙酸由于其充分记录的化学性质、细胞信号传导机制和各种临床益处，具有总体抗肥胖作用。与丙酸类似，丁酸能够通过刺激食欲抑制激素的释放和促进瘦素的合成来减轻肥胖。色氨酸影响全身激素分泌，吲哚刺激胰高血糖素样肽-1的释放，从而影响胰岛素分泌、食欲抑制和胃排空。胆汁酸由肝脏中的胆固醇合成，随后由肠道细菌修饰，在膳食脂肪和脂溶性维生素的消化和吸收中起重要作用，但它们也直接与肠道微生物群及其代谢产物相互作用。一项使用统计方法的研究主要确定了两种肠型分组。在人类中，以拟杆菌属为主的肠型，即P型，与素食者、高纤维和富含碳水化合物的饮食以及传统饮食相关。相反，食用富含动物脂肪和蛋白质的饮食（西式饮食的典型特征）的个体通常表现出以拟杆菌属为主的B型肠型。P型展示了用于植物纤维降解的高效水解酶，但脂质和蛋白质发酵能力有限。相反，B型具有专门用于降解动物源碳水化合物和蛋白质的酶，具有增强的糖解和蛋白水解潜力。一般来说，模型在预测方面表现出色，但往往难以完全阐明为什么某些物质会产生不同的反应。这些研究为基于肠型的个性化饮食建议的潜力提供了有价值的见解。
