Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States.
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2024 Mar;119(3):628-638. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.01.006. Epub 2024 Jan 12.
Mounting evidence indicates that although some plant-based diets are healthful, others are not. Changes in the gut microbiome and microbiome-dependent metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), may explain differential health effects of plant-based diets. However, human data are sparse on whether qualitatively distinct types of plant-based diets differentially affect gut microbiome diversity, composition, particularly at the species level, and/or metabolites.
We aimed to examine cross-sectional associations of different plant-based indices with adult gut microbiome diversity, composition, and the metabolite TMAO.
We studied 705 adults in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging with data for diet, fecal microbiome (shotgun metagenomic sequencing), and key covariates. We derived healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI) and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI) using data from food frequency questionnaires. We examined plant-based diet indices with microbiome α-diversity (richness and evenness measures), β-diversity (Bray-Curtis and UniFrac measures), composition (species level), and plasma TMAO. We used regression models to determine associations before and after adjustment for age, sex, education, physical activity, smoking status, body mass index, and total energy intake.
The analytic sample (mean age, 71.0 years, SD = 12.8 years) comprised 55.6% female and 67.5% non-Hispanic White participants. hPDI was positively and uPDI negatively associated with microbiome α-diversity, driven by microbial evenness (Pielou P < 0.05). hPDI was also positively associated with relative abundance of 3 polysaccharide-degrading bacterial species (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium eligens, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron) and inversely associated with 6 species (Blautia hydrogenotrophica, Doreasp CAG 317, Eisenbergiella massiliensis, Sellimonas intestinalis, Blautia wexlerae, and Alistipes shahii). Furthermore, hPDI was inversely associated with TMAO. Associations did not differ by age, sex, or race.
Greater adherence to a healthful plant-based diet is associated with microbiome features that have been linked to positive health; adherence to an unhealthful plant-based diet has opposing or null associations with these features.
越来越多的证据表明，虽然某些植物性饮食是健康的，但其他植物性饮食则不然。肠道微生物组及其微生物依赖性代谢物（如三甲胺 N-氧化物（TMAO））的变化可能解释了植物性饮食对健康的不同影响。然而，关于不同类型的植物性饮食是否会对肠道微生物组多样性、组成（特别是在物种水平）和/或代谢物产生不同的影响，人类数据仍然很少。
我们旨在研究不同的植物性饮食指数与成人肠道微生物组多样性、组成和代谢物 TMAO 的横断面相关性。
我们研究了巴尔的摩纵向老龄化研究中的 705 名成年人，他们的数据包括饮食、粪便微生物组（ shotgun 宏基因组测序）和关键协变量。我们使用来自食物频率问卷的数据得出健康植物性饮食指数（hPDI）和不健康植物性饮食指数（uPDI）。我们研究了植物性饮食指数与微生物组 α 多样性（丰富度和均匀度测量）、β 多样性（Bray-Curtis 和 UniFrac 测量）、组成（物种水平）和血浆 TMAO 的关系。我们使用回归模型在调整年龄、性别、教育、体力活动、吸烟状况、体重指数和总能量摄入之前和之后确定关联。
分析样本（平均年龄 71.0 岁，标准差 12.8 岁）包括 55.6%的女性和 67.5%的非西班牙裔白人参与者。hPDI 与微生物组 α 多样性呈正相关，uPDI 与微生物组 α 多样性呈负相关，这主要是由微生物均匀度驱动的（Pielou P < 0.05）。hPDI 还与 3 种多糖降解细菌的相对丰度呈正相关（ Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 、 Eubacterium eligens 和 Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ），与 6 种细菌呈负相关（ Blautia hydrogenotrophica 、 Doreasp CAG 317 、 Eisenbergiella massiliensis 、 Sellimonas intestinalis 、 Blautia wexlerae 和 Alistipes shahii ）。此外，hPDI 与 TMAO 呈负相关。这些关联不因年龄、性别或种族而异。
更多地遵循健康的植物性饮食与与健康相关的微生物特征相关联；而遵循不健康的植物性饮食与这些特征呈相反或无关联。
