School of Medicine, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, People's Republic of China.
Medical and Radiation Oncology, Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2024 Jan 16;19:441-452. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S442335. eCollection 2024.
Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and viruses pose a significant threat to human life and well-being. The prompt identification of these pathogens, characterized by speed, accuracy, and efficiency, not only aids in the timely screening of infected individuals and the prevention of further transmission, but also facilitates the precise diagnosis and treatment of patients. Direct smear microscopy, microbial culture, nucleic acid-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on microbial surface antigens or human serum antibodies, have made substantial contributions to the prevention and management of infectious diseases. Due to its shorter processing time, simple equipment requirements, and no need for professional and technical personnel, ELISA has inherent advantages over other methods for detecting pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Horseradish peroxidase mediated catalysis of substrate coloration is the key for the detection of target substances in ELISA. However, the variability, high cost, and environmental susceptibility of natural peroxidase greatly limit the application of ELISA in pathogen detection. Compared with natural enzymes, nanomaterials with enzyme-mimicking activity are inexpensive, highly environmentally stable, easy to store and mass producing, etc. Based on their peroxidase-like activities and unique physicochemical properties, nanomaterials can greatly improve the efficiency and ease of use of ELISA-like detection methods for pathogenic bacteria and viruses. This review introduces recent advances in the application of nanomaterials with peroxidase-like activity for the detection of pathogenic bacteria (both gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria) and viruses (both RNA viruses and DNA viruses). The emphasis is on the detection principle and the evaluation of effectiveness. The limitations and prospects for future translations are also discussed.
由病原细菌和病毒引起的传染病对人类的生命和健康构成了重大威胁。这些病原体的快速、准确和高效识别不仅有助于及时筛选感染个体并防止进一步传播，还有助于对患者进行精确诊断和治疗。直接涂片显微镜检查、微生物培养、基于微生物表面抗原或人血清抗体的核酸聚合酶链反应（PCR）和酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA），为传染病的预防和管理做出了重要贡献。由于 ELISA 的处理时间更短、设备要求更简单且不需要专业技术人员，因此在检测病原细菌和病毒方面具有固有优势。辣根过氧化物酶介导的底物显色催化是 ELISA 检测目标物质的关键。然而，天然过氧化物酶的可变性、高成本和环境敏感性极大地限制了 ELISA 在病原体检测中的应用。与天然酶相比，具有酶模拟活性的纳米材料价格低廉、高度稳定、易于储存和大规模生产等。基于其过氧化物酶样活性和独特的物理化学性质，纳米材料可以极大地提高 ELISA 样检测方法对病原细菌（包括革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌）和病毒（包括 RNA 病毒和 DNA 病毒）的检测效率和易用性。本综述介绍了具有过氧化物酶样活性的纳米材料在检测病原细菌（包括革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌）和病毒（包括 RNA 病毒和 DNA 病毒）中的应用的最新进展。重点介绍了检测原理和效果评估。还讨论了其局限性和未来转化的前景。
