Giannubilo Stefano Raffaele, Marzioni Daniela, Tossetta Giovanni, Montironi Ramona, Meccariello Maria Liberata, Ciavattini Andrea
Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy.
Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
Biology (Basel). 2024 Mar 3;13(3):165. doi: 10.3390/biology13030165.
Pregnancy is generally studied as a biological interaction between a mother and a fetus; however, the father, with his characteristics, lifestyle, genetics, and living environment, is by no means unrelated to the outcome of pregnancy. The half of the fetal genetic heritage of paternal derivation can be decisive in cases of inherited chromosomal disorders, and can be the result of de novo genetic alterations. In addition to the strictly pathological aspects, paternal genetics may transmit thrombophilic traits that affect the implantation and vascular construction of the feto-placental unit, lead to placenta-mediated diseases such as pre-eclampsia and fetal growth retardation, and contribute to the multifactorial genesis of preterm delivery. Biological aspects of immunological tolerance to paternal antigens also appear to be crucial for these pathologies. Finally, this review describes the biological findings by which the environment, exposure to pathogens, lifestyle, and nutritional style of the father affect fetal pathophysiological and epigenetic definition.
怀孕通常被视为母亲与胎儿之间的一种生物学相互作用；然而，父亲及其特征、生活方式、遗传学和生活环境，绝不是与怀孕结果毫无关联。父系来源的胎儿遗传物质的一半在遗传性染色体疾病的情况下可能起决定性作用，并且可能是新发基因改变的结果。除了严格的病理方面，父系遗传学可能传递影响胎儿 - 胎盘单位植入和血管构建的血栓形成倾向，导致胎盘介导的疾病，如先兆子痫和胎儿生长受限，并促成早产的多因素发生。对父系抗原的免疫耐受的生物学方面对于这些疾病似乎也至关重要。最后，本综述描述了父亲的环境、病原体暴露、生活方式和营养方式影响胎儿病理生理和表观遗传定义的生物学发现。
