Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, 68 Maccabim Road, P.O. Box 151590, Rishon Le Tzion 7505101, Israel.
Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Toxins (Basel). 2024 Mar 21;16(3):163. doi: 10.3390/toxins16030163.
Alkaloids play an essential role in protecting plants against herbivores. Humans can also benefit from the pharmacological effects of these compounds. Plants produce an immense variety of structurally different alkaloids, including quinolizidine alkaloids, a group of bi-, tri-, and tetracyclic compounds produced by species. Various lupin species produce different alkaloid profiles. To study the composition of quinolizidine alkaloids in lupin seeds, we collected 31 populations of two wild species native to Israel, and , and analyzed their quinolizidine alkaloid contents. Our goal was to study the alkaloid profiles of these two wild species to better understand the challenges and prospective uses of wild lupins. We compared their profiles with those of other commercial and wild lupin species. To this end, a straightforward method for extracting alkaloids from seeds and determining the quinolizidine alkaloid profile by LC-MS/MS was developed and validated in-house. For the quantification of quinolizidine alkaloids, 15 analytical reference standards were used. We used GC-MS to verify and cross-reference the identity of certain alkaloids for which no analytical standards were available. The results enabled further exploration of quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis. We reviewed and re-analyzed the suggested quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis pathway, including the relationship between the amino acid precursor l-lysine and the different quinolizidine alkaloids occurring in seeds of lupin species. Revealing alkaloid compositions and highlighting some aspects of their formation pathway are important steps in evaluating the use of wild lupins as a novel legume crop.
生物碱在保护植物免受食草动物侵害方面起着至关重要的作用。人类也可以从这些化合物的药理作用中受益。植物产生了大量结构不同的生物碱，包括喹诺里西啶生物碱，这是一组由 种产生的双、三、四环化合物。各种羽扇豆属植物产生不同的生物碱谱。为了研究羽扇豆种子中喹诺里西啶生物碱的组成，我们收集了以色列本土的两个野生种 和 的 31 个种群，并分析了它们的喹诺里西啶生物碱含量。我们的目标是研究这两个野生种的生物碱谱，以更好地了解野生羽扇豆面临的挑战和潜在用途。我们将它们的图谱与其他商业和野生羽扇豆种进行了比较。为此，我们开发并在内部验证了一种从种子中提取生物碱并通过 LC-MS/MS 测定喹诺里西啶生物碱图谱的简单方法。为了定量分析喹诺里西啶生物碱，我们使用了 15 种分析参考标准。我们使用 GC-MS 验证和交叉参考了某些没有分析标准品的生物碱的身份。这些结果促进了对喹诺里西啶生物碱生物合成的进一步探索。我们回顾并重新分析了建议的喹诺里西啶生物碱生物合成途径，包括氨基酸前体 l-赖氨酸与在羽扇豆属种子中存在的不同喹诺里西啶生物碱之间的关系。揭示生物碱组成并突出其形成途径的某些方面是评估野生羽扇豆作为新型豆科作物用途的重要步骤。
