Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
Danone Open Science Research Center for Life-Transforming Nutrition, Shanghai 201204, China.
Nutrients. 2024 Jun 25;16(13):2012. doi: 10.3390/nu16132012.
Toddlerhood (aged 13~36 months) is a period of dietary transition, with water intake being significantly influenced by parental feeding patterns, cultural traditions, and the availability of beverages and food. Nevertheless, given the lack of applicable data, it is challenging to guide and evaluate the water intake of toddlers in China. In this study, our objectives were to assess the daily total water intake (TWI), evaluate the consumption patterns of various beverages and food sources contributing to the TWI, determine the conformity of participants to the adequate intake (AI) recommendation of water released by the Chinese Nutrition Society, and analyze the various contributors to the daily total energy intake (TEI). The data for the assessment of water and dietary intake were obtained from the cross-sectional dietary intake survey of infants and young children (DSIYC, 2018-2019). A total of 1360 eligible toddlers were recruited in the analysis. The differences in related variables between two age groups were compared by Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-Square test. The potential correlation between water and energy intake was examined utilizing age-adjusted partial correlation. Toddlers consumed a median daily TWI of 1079 mL, with 670 mL (62.3%, r = 0.752) derived from beverages and 393 mL (37.7%, r = 0.716) from foods. Plain water was the primary beverage source, contributing 300 mL (52.2%, r = 0.823), followed by milk and milk derivatives (MMDs) at 291 mL (45.6%, r = 0.595). Notably, only 28.4% of toddlers managed to reach the recommended AI value. Among these, toddlers obtain more water from beverages than from foods. The median daily TEI of toddlers was 762 kcal, including 272 kcal from beverages (36.4%, r = 0.534) and 492 kcal from foods (63.6%, r = 0.894). Among these, the median daily energy intake from MMDs was 260 kcal, making up 94.6% of the energy intake from beverages (r = 0.959). As the pioneer survey on TWI of toddlers in China based on nationally representative data, attention to the quality and quantity of water intake and actions to better guide parents by both individuals and authorities are eagerly anticipated. Additionally, the revision of the reference value of TWI for Chinese toddlers is urgently required.
幼儿期（13~36 月龄）是饮食转变的时期，水的摄入量受到父母喂养模式、文化传统以及饮料和食物供应的显著影响。然而，由于缺乏适用的数据，指导和评估中国幼儿的水摄入量具有挑战性。在这项研究中，我们的目标是评估幼儿的每日总水摄入量（TWI），评估各种饮料和食物来源对 TWI 的贡献，确定参与者对中国营养学会发布的水适宜摄入量（AI）建议的符合程度，并分析每日总能量摄入量（TEI）的各种贡献因素。水和饮食摄入量的评估数据来自婴幼儿（DSIYC，2018-2019）的横断面饮食摄入调查。在分析中，共招募了 1360 名符合条件的幼儿。使用 Mann-Whitney U 检验和卡方检验比较了两个年龄组之间相关变量的差异。利用年龄调整的偏相关检验水和能量摄入之间的潜在相关性。幼儿平均每天摄入 1079 毫升 TWI，其中 670 毫升（62.3%，r=0.752）来自饮料，393 毫升（37.7%，r=0.716）来自食物。白开水是主要的饮料来源，贡献了 300 毫升（52.2%，r=0.823），其次是牛奶和奶制品（MMD），为 291 毫升（45.6%，r=0.595）。值得注意的是，只有 28.4%的幼儿达到了推荐的 AI 值。在这些幼儿中，他们从饮料中摄入的水比从食物中摄入的水多。幼儿的平均每日 TEI 为 762 千卡，其中 272 千卡来自饮料（36.4%，r=0.534），492 千卡来自食物（63.6%，r=0.894）。在这些饮料中，来自 MMD 的每日能量摄入量中位数为 260 千卡，占饮料总能量摄入量的 94.6%（r=0.959）。作为基于全国代表性数据的中国幼儿 TWI 的首次调查，人们期待个人和相关部门关注幼儿的水摄入量的质量和数量，并采取行动更好地指导家长。此外，迫切需要修订中国幼儿 TWI 的参考值。
