Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA 5. Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
Ageing Res Rev. 2024 Sep;100:102414. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102414. Epub 2024 Jul 15.
The human brain stands as an intricate organ, embodying a nexus of structure, function, development, and diversity. This review delves into the multifaceted landscape of the brain, spanning its anatomical intricacies, diverse functional capacities, dynamic developmental trajectories, and inherent variability across individuals. The dynamic process of brain development, from early embryonic stages to adulthood, highlights the nuanced changes that occur throughout the lifespan. The brain, a remarkably complex organ, is composed of various anatomical regions, each contributing uniquely to its overall functionality. Through an exploration of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and electrophysiology, this review elucidates how different brain structures interact to support a wide array of cognitive processes, sensory perception, motor control, and emotional regulation. Moreover, it addresses the impact of age, sex, and ethnic background on brain structure and function, and gender differences profoundly influence the onset, progression, and manifestation of brain disorders shaped by genetic, hormonal, environmental, and social factors. Delving into the complexities of the human brain, it investigates how variations in anatomical configuration correspond to diverse functional capacities across individuals. Furthermore, it examines the impact of neurodegenerative diseases on the structural and functional integrity of the brain. Specifically, our article explores the pathological processes underlying neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, shedding light on the structural alterations and functional impairments that accompany these conditions. We will also explore the current research trends in neurodegenerative diseases and identify the existing gaps in the literature. Overall, this article deepens our understanding of the fundamental principles governing brain structure and function and paves the way for a deeper understanding of individual differences and tailored approaches in neuroscience and clinical practice-additionally, a comprehensive understanding of structural and functional changes that manifest in neurodegenerative diseases.
人类大脑是一个复杂的器官，体现了结构、功能、发育和多样性的交汇点。本综述深入探讨了大脑的多方面景观，涵盖了其解剖结构的复杂性、多样化的功能能力、动态发育轨迹以及个体之间固有的可变性。从早期胚胎阶段到成年期的大脑动态发育过程突出了整个生命周期中发生的细微变化。大脑是一个非常复杂的器官，由各种解剖区域组成，每个区域都独特地为其整体功能做出贡献。通过对神经解剖学、神经生理学和电生理学的探索，本综述阐明了不同的大脑结构如何相互作用，以支持广泛的认知过程、感觉感知、运动控制和情绪调节。此外，它还探讨了年龄、性别和种族背景对大脑结构和功能的影响，以及性别差异对由遗传、激素、环境和社会因素塑造的大脑疾病的发生、进展和表现有深远的影响。深入研究人类大脑的复杂性，研究了个体之间解剖结构的差异如何与功能能力的多样性相对应。此外，还研究了神经退行性疾病对大脑结构和功能完整性的影响。具体来说，我们的文章探讨了神经退行性疾病背后的病理过程，如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病和亨廷顿病，揭示了这些疾病伴随的结构改变和功能障碍。我们还将探讨神经退行性疾病的当前研究趋势，并确定文献中的现有差距。总的来说，本文加深了我们对大脑结构和功能的基本原理的理解，并为在神经科学和临床实践中更深入地理解个体差异和量身定制的方法铺平了道路。此外，本文还全面了解了神经退行性疾病中表现出的结构和功能变化。
