Acculturation, Enculturation, Culture-Specific Emotional Distress, and Parenting Among Korean Immigrant Mothers.

This study examined how Korean immigrant mothers' cultural orientations (i.e., acculturation and enculturation) were related to their mental health, specifically depression and the culturally specific syndrome of Hwa-byung (HB), and had direct and indirect relations to their parenting practices (i.e., authoritative, authoritarian, acceptance, rejection). In a sample of 412 Korean immigrant mothers (99.5% foreign-born; age = 45.31), a path analysis was conducted by using the maximum-likelihood and bootstrapping methods. Results revealed that mothers' cultural orientations were indirectly related to parenting practices via depression and HB. Specifically, mothers' acculturation and enculturation had positive indirect relationships to authoritative parenting and acceptance versus a negative relationship to rejection, via their links to depression. Mothers' acculturation had a negative relationship to rejection via its link to HB, while enculturation was not related to HB. Additionally, cultural orientations were directly associated with parenting. Overall, the current findings highlighted that HB holds a unique role in parenting after controlling for the effects of depression, which suggests the importance of assessing culture specific syndrome, above and beyond depression, to have a better understanding of Korean immigrant mothers' mental health and its relation to parenting. Implications for research and practice are discussed.