Madhushan Asanka, Weerasingha Dulan Bhanuka, Ilyukhin Evgeny, Taylor Paul W J, Ratnayake Amila Sandaruwan, Liu Jian-Kui, Maharachchikumbura Sajeewa S N
School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada.
J Fungi (Basel). 2025 Jan 1;11(1):25. doi: 10.3390/jof11010025.
Since the domestication of plants, pathogenic fungi have consistently threatened crop production, evolving genetically to develop increased virulence under various selection pressures. Understanding their evolutionary trends is crucial for predicting and designing control measures against future disease outbreaks. This paper reviews the evolution of fungal pathogens from natural habitats to agricultural settings, focusing on eight significant phytopathogens: , , spp., , , , , and spp. Also, we explore the mechanism used to understand evolutionary trends in these fungi. The studied pathogens have evolved in agroecosystems through either (1) introduction from elsewhere; or (2) local origins involving co-evolution with host plants, host shifts, or genetic variations within existing strains. Genetic variation, generated via sexual recombination and various asexual mechanisms, often drives pathogen evolution. While sexual recombination is rare and mainly occurs at the center of origin of the pathogen, asexual mechanisms such as mutations, parasexual recombination, horizontal gene or chromosome transfer, and chromosomal structural variations are predominant. Farming practices like mono-cropping resistant cultivars and prolonged use of fungicides with the same mode of action can drive the emergence of new pathotypes. Furthermore, host range does not necessarily impact pathogen adaptation and evolution. Although halting pathogen evolution is impractical, its pace can be slowed by managing selective pressures, optimizing farming practices, and enforcing quarantine regulations. The study of pathogen evolution has been transformed by advancements in molecular biology, genomics, and bioinformatics, utilizing methods like next-generation sequencing, comparative genomics, transcriptomics and population genomics. However, continuous research remains essential to monitor how pathogens evolve over time and to develop proactive strategies that mitigate their impact on agriculture.
自植物驯化以来，致病真菌一直威胁着作物生产，在各种选择压力下通过基因进化产生更强的毒力。了解它们的进化趋势对于预测和设计针对未来疾病爆发的控制措施至关重要。本文综述了真菌病原体从自然栖息地到农业环境的进化，重点关注八种重要的植物病原体：[此处原文缺失具体病原体名称]、[此处原文缺失具体病原体名称]、[此处原文缺失具体病原体名称]属、[此处原文缺失具体病原体名称]、[此处原文缺失具体病原体名称]、[此处原文缺失具体病原体名称]、[此处原文缺失具体病原体名称]和[此处原文缺失具体病原体名称]属。此外，我们还探讨了用于了解这些真菌进化趋势的机制。所研究的病原体在农业生态系统中通过以下两种方式进化：（1）从其他地方引入；或（2）本地起源，涉及与寄主植物的共同进化、寄主转移或现有菌株内的遗传变异。通过有性重组和各种无性机制产生的遗传变异通常推动病原体进化。虽然有性重组很少见，主要发生在病原体的起源中心，但无性机制如突变、准性重组、水平基因或染色体转移以及染色体结构变异则占主导地位。单一种植抗性品种和长期使用具有相同作用模式的杀菌剂等耕作方式会促使新致病型的出现。此外，寄主范围不一定会影响病原体的适应和进化。虽然阻止病原体进化不切实际，但通过管理选择压力、优化耕作方式和执行检疫规定可以减缓其进化速度。分子生物学、基因组学和生物信息学的进步改变了病原体进化的研究，利用了下一代测序、比较基因组学、转录组学和群体基因组学等方法。然而，持续研究对于监测病原体随时间的进化以及制定减轻其对农业影响的积极策略仍然至关重要。
