Onu Ana, Trofin Daniela-Marilena, Tutu Andrei, Onu Ilie, Galaction Anca-Irina, Sardaru Dragos-Petrica, Trofin Dan, Onita Cristiana Amalia, Iordan Daniel-Andrei, Matei Daniela-Viorelia
Doctoral School, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700454 Iasi, Romania.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700588 Iasi, Romania.
Life (Basel). 2025 May 8;15(5):757. doi: 10.3390/life15050757.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and chronic inflammation, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Effective management of MetS is critical, with exercise being a key intervention. This review analyzed the effects of different exercise intensities-low, moderate, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)-on metabolic health, oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and cardiovascular function. A search of Medline, PEDro, and EBSCO identified 2251 articles, with 159 studies published between 1999 and 2025 included after screening. Low-intensity exercise improved insulin sensitivity, reduced OS markers (e.g., MDA, 8-OHdG), and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. Moderate-intensity exercise showed similar benefits with notable reductions in inflammatory markers (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α). HIIT promoted fat loss and improved metabolic markers but temporarily increased OS and inflammation. Dietary strategies also play a critical role. The Mediterranean diet and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets are well established, emphasizing nutrient-dense foods like unsaturated fats and fiber to reduce inflammation and manage weight. The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat, low-carbohydrate approach, has recently gained attention for its metabolic benefits. KD induces ketosis, improving insulin sensitivity, reducing triglycerides, and enhancing fat oxidation. Studies show KD effectively reduces body weight and glucose levels, though long-term adherence and nutrient deficiencies remain challenges. Intermittent fasting also showed potential benefits, though effects on glucose metabolism were inconsistent. This review underscores the need for tailored approaches combining exercise, diet, and fasting to optimize MetS outcomes, offering integrative strategies for prevention and management.
代谢综合征（MetS）的特征是中心性肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、高血压、血脂异常和慢性炎症，显著增加了心血管疾病和2型糖尿病的风险。有效管理代谢综合征至关重要，运动是关键干预措施。本综述分析了不同运动强度——低强度、中等强度和高强度间歇训练（HIIT）——对代谢健康、氧化应激（OS）、炎症和心血管功能的影响。通过检索Medline、PEDro和EBSCO数据库，共识别出2251篇文章，经筛选后纳入了1999年至2025年间发表的159项研究。低强度运动可提高胰岛素敏感性，降低氧化应激标志物（如丙二醛、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷），并增强抗氧化酶活性。中等强度运动显示出类似的益处，炎症标志物（如白细胞介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α）显著降低。高强度间歇训练促进脂肪减少，改善代谢指标，但会暂时增加氧化应激和炎症。饮食策略也起着关键作用。地中海饮食和终止高血压饮食方法（DASH）已得到充分证实，强调摄入富含不饱和脂肪和纤维等营养丰富的食物以减轻炎症和控制体重。生酮饮食（KD）是一种高脂肪、低碳水化合物的饮食方法，最近因其代谢益处而受到关注。生酮饮食可诱导酮症，提高胰岛素敏感性，降低甘油三酯，并增强脂肪氧化。研究表明，生酮饮食能有效降低体重和血糖水平，尽管长期坚持和营养缺乏仍是挑战。间歇性禁食也显示出潜在益处，尽管对葡萄糖代谢的影响并不一致。本综述强调需要结合运动、饮食和禁食的个性化方法来优化代谢综合征的治疗效果，为预防和管理提供综合策略。
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